Ap Euro Industrialism

Agricultural revolution

A period of significant agricultural advancements, including crop rotation and new machinery, that increased food production and supported population growth, paving the way for the Industrial Revolution.

Capital

Wealth, either in the form of money or assets, used to invest in businesses, production, or other economic activities.

Entrepreneur

An individual who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of starting and operating a business.

Spinning jenny

A multi-spindle spinning frame invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, enabling one worker to spin several threads simultaneously.

Water Frame

A spinning machine powered by water, invented by Richard Arkwright, that revolutionized textile production by increasing efficiency.

Spinning mule

A machine invented by Samuel Crompton that combined the features of the spinning jenny and the water frame, producing finer and stronger threads.

Flying shuttle

A weaving device invented by John Kay in 1733 that allowed weavers to work faster and produce larger fabrics.

Power loom

A mechanized loom, developed by Edmund Cartwright, that automated the weaving process in textile production.

Cotton gin

A machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that separated cotton fibers from seeds quickly and efficiently.

Eli Whitney

An American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin, which transformed cotton production in the United States.

James Watt

A Scottish engineer who improved the steam engine, making it more efficient and practical for industrial use.

Richard Trevithick

An English engineer and inventor who built the first high-pressure steam engine and a working railway locomotive.

George Stephenson

An English engineer known as the "Father of Railways," who built the first successful steam-powered railway locomotive.

Great Exhibition

A world fair held in London in 1851 to showcase industrial achievements, technological innovations, and cultural displays.

Cottage Industries

Small-scale industries operated from homes, where workers produced goods using manual methods before industrialization.

Putting-Out System

A pre-industrial production system where merchants distributed raw materials to rural workers, who processed them into finished goods at home.

Factory

A centralized building where workers and machinery are brought together to mass-produce goods.

Joint-Stock Company

A business structure where individuals invest in a company and share profits in proportion to their ownership.

The Great Hunger

A term for the Irish Potato Famine (1845–1852), caused by potato crop failures, leading to mass starvation and emigration.

Edwin Chadwick

A British social reformer who advocated for public health improvements and sanitary reforms during the Industrial Revolution.

Cholera

A waterborne infectious disease that caused deadly outbreaks during the 19th century due to poor sanitation.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, typically associated with wealth, property ownership, and industrial or commercial interests.

Proletariat

The working class, particularly industrial laborers, who do not own the means of production.

Trade Unions

Organizations of workers formed to protect their rights, improve working conditions, and negotiate wages.

Robert Owen

A social reformer and utopian socialist who advocated for better working conditions and established model communities.

Factory Act (1833)

A British law that regulated child labor in factories, limiting working hours and mandating education for children.

Ten Hours Act (1847)

A law in Britain that restricted the workday for women and children to 10 hours.

Luddites

A group of workers in the early 19th century who opposed industrial machinery, fearing it would replace their jobs.

Robert Baden-Powell

The founder of the Boy Scouts movement, promoting outdoor skills, leadership, and moral development in youth.

Marxism

A political and economic theory developed by Karl Marx that critiques capitalism and advocates for a classless, communist society.

Socialism

A political and economic system where production, distribution, and exchange are regulated by the community as a whole.

Communism

A political and economic ideology advocating for collective ownership of property and the abolition of class distinctions.

Charles Fourier

A French philosopher and utopian socialist who proposed planned communities called "phalansteries."

“Bobbies”

A nickname for British police officers, derived from Sir Robert Peel, who established the Metropolitan Police Force in 1829.

Serjents

French municipal police officers introduced in the 19th century for urban law enforcement.

Robert Raikes

An English philanthropist who founded the Sunday School movement, promoting education and moral instruction for children.

Suez Canal

A man-made waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, opened in 1869, facilitating trade between Europe and Asia.

Karl Marx

A German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who co-authored The Communist Manifesto and developed Marxism.

Friedrich Engels

A German philosopher and social scientist who co-authored The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx.

The Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet by Marx and Engels advocating for a classless society and the abolition of private property.

Emigration

The act of leaving one's native country to settle in another.

Plutocrats

Wealthy elites who derive power from their financial status.

Boy Scouts

A youth organization founded by Robert Baden-Powell to teach outdoor skills, self-reliance, and citizenship.

Contagious Diseases Act

British laws in the 19th century aimed at regulating and controlling venereal diseases, often controversial for targeting women.

Bessemer Process

A steelmaking method developed by Henry Bessemer that allowed mass production of strong, affordable steel.

First Industrial Revolution

The period from the late 18th to early 19th century marked by mechanization, steam power, and industrial growth.

Second Industrial Revolution

A late 19th-century period characterized by advancements in electricity, chemicals, steel, and mass production.

Cartels

Associations of businesses or organizations formed to control prices and limit competition.

Tariffs

Taxes imposed on imported goods to protect domestic industries and generate revenue.

Gottlieb Daimler

A German engineer who contributed to the development of the internal combustion engine and the automobile.

Louis Pasteur

A French scientist known for his discoveries in microbiology, including pasteurization and vaccines.

Pasteurization

A process of heating liquids to kill harmful microorganisms, developed by Louis Pasteur.

Gustave Eiffel

A French engineer and architect, famous for designing the Eiffel Tower.

Charles Darwin

A British naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Natural Selection

Darwin's principle that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Origin of Species

Darwin's 1859 book outlining his theory of evolution and natural selection.

Organic Evolution

The gradual process by which living organisms evolve and diversify from common ancestors.

Descent of Man

Darwin's 1871 book discussing human evolution and its relation to other species.

Michael Faraday

A British scientist known for his contributions to electromagnetism and electrochemistry.

Joseph Lister

A British surgeon who pioneered antiseptic surgery using carbolic acid to prevent infections.

Auguste Comte

A French philosopher who founded positivism and emphasized scientific knowledge as the basis for progress.

Positivism

A philosophy advocating for knowledge derived from empirical and scientific evidence.

Dmitri Mendeleev

A Russian chemist who created the periodic table, organizing elements by their properties.

Karl Benz

A German engineer who designed and built the first practical automobile powered by an internal combustion engine.

The Great Stink

A period in 1858 when London suffered from overwhelming smells caused by sewage in the River Thames.

Joseph Merrick

Known as the "Elephant Man," a 19th-century Englishman who suffered from severe physical deformities.

Jack the Ripper

An unidentified serial killer who terrorized London's Whitechapel district in 1888.

George Haussmann

A French administrator who oversaw the modernization of Paris, including its wide boulevards and improved sanitation.

Louis Blanc

A French socialist who advocated for government-run workshops to combat unemployment.

Romanticism

An artistic and literary movement emphasizing emotion, individualism, and nature, opposing industrialization's impacts.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

A German writer and polymath, best known for works like Faust and The Sorrows of Young Werther.

Grimm Brothers

German authors who collected and published folklore, including Grimm's Fairy Tales.

Hans Christian Andersen

A Danish author known for his fairy tales, including The Little Mermaid and The Ugly Duckling.

Sir Walter Scott

A Scottish novelist and poet famous for historical works like Ivanhoe and Rob Roy.

Ludwig van Beethoven

A German composer whose works bridged the Classical and Romantic eras in music.

Mary Shelley

An English novelist best known for writing Frankenstein, a landmark of Romantic and Gothic literature.

Percy Shelley

An English Romantic poet known for works like Ozymandias and Prometheus Unbound.

Lord Byron

An English Romantic poet known for his adventurous life and works like Don Juan.

William Wordsworth

A Romantic poet who celebrated nature, emotion, and the human spirit, co-authoring Lyrical Ballads.

Pantheism

The belief that God is present in and identical to the universe and nature.

Realism

An artistic and literary movement emphasizing the depiction of everyday life and ordinary people.

Louis Daguerre

A French artist and inventor of the daguerreotype, an early photographic process.

Gustave Flaubert

A French novelist known for his masterpiece Madame Bovary, a landmark in literary realism.

Madame Bovary

A novel by Gustave Flaubert about a woman’s dissatisfaction with provincial life and pursuit of passion.

Charles Dickens

An English novelist whose works, like Oliver Twist and Great Expectations, highlighted social injustices.

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky

A Russian composer famous for works like The Nutcracker and Swan Lake.

• Leo Tolstoy: Renowned author of War and Peace and Anna Karenina, known for his profound exploration of morality and human experience.