Structure, Function, and Pathway Malfunction

• Mutations that lead to a change in shape and chemical affinity in signaling molecules, receptor molecules, or any of the proteins involved in transduction can change or stop the cell response from occurring properly

Chemical Compounds and Pathway Interference

• Many medicines and toxins work by activating or inhibiting signaling pathways

  • EX: Botox/Botulism

    • Botox molecules break down SNARE protein which is required for release of neurotransmitters

    • Neurotransmitters are not released causing paralysis of the muscles

    • Put in the face it paralyzes muscles in face stop wrinkles and also stopping migraines