Nutrients needed by humans

• Humans need about 24 elements to survive

• About 99% of those elements is made up of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The other 1% is made up of potassium, sulfur, sodium, chorine, and magnesium. The rest is made up of things we eat called micronutrients.

• Nutrient- a chemical substance in every living thing on earth

• Macro mineral- any mineral required in a diet

• Trace element- an amount of a mineral left behind

• Enzyme- A biological catalyst that is almost always a protein

Carbohydrates, Lipids, and proteins

• Carbohydrates are our immediate source to energy. In plants, they are a component of the cell wall. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (Sucrose)

• Lipids are fatty compounds that provide many functions, such as regulate hormones, cushion organs, and store energy (triglyceride)

• Proteins are found in meats and dairy, and they are made by connecting amino acids. Proteins provide many functions such as making skin and nails and speeding up chemical reactions.

Vitamins

• Vitamins are a group of substances that are needed for cell fiction, growth, and development.

• Humans need 13 different vitamins, 9 of which are soluble in water ( to be dissolved) and 4 are fat soluble

Uptake of nutrients by humans

• The digestive system breaks down all the food we eat into nutrients such as sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.

• The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, all supply enzymes that help the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, breakdown food

• Food is physically broke down when our stomach churns. Food is also broke down by saliva, and by enzymes in the small intestine and stomach

• After the food is broken down, the nutrients are spread around the body through your bloodstream

Uptake in nutrients by plants

• Plants absorb elements in the soil and distribute them throughout themselves. They then use these elements to create the nutrients that they need!

• Diffusion- the movement of a chemical from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

• Osmosis- the movement of water from a low nutrient concentration to a high nutrient concentration

• Plants do photosynthesis to survive ( Co2+ Water + Sunlight= Glucose + o2)

Pesticides

• Pesticides are a chemical used to control pests

• Pests are killed by insecticides (chemical used to control insects), fungicides (a chemical used to control molds and fungi), and herbicides (a chemical used to control weeds)

• Biomagnification is a process where chemicals accumulate in the tissues of an organism along a food chain

• Biological magnification- Increase in the contaminated substance

• DDT was an insecticide that was not at all noticeable.

  

Acids and Bases

• Acids are chemicals that produce an acidic substance having a ph value less than 7. These chemicals are acidic

• Bases are chemicals that produce a basic having a ph value of more than 7. These chemicals are basic

• PH strips are pieces of paper that change color and indicate an approximate ph

• PH indicators are chemicals that change from one color to another when the ph changes

• Acids usually taste sour ( because they react with carbonates and metals) and Bases usually taste bitter and are slippery

• Acids and Basics react in a neutralization reaction. This produces a salt and water

• Acid precipitation- rain or snow containing acid compounds from the air

• Litmus- mixture of plant compounds used as a chemical indicator

• Oxidation- a chemical reaction in which oxygen combines with other elements to form new substances

• Leach- Dissolves in the water and the water seeps downwards

• Liming- Process of adding calcium carbonate to the environment

Biological measures + Chemical measures

• Biological measures are drawn from bodily activities of humans or from biological systems in nature.

• Dissolved oxygen is needed by aquatic animals just as it is needed by humans

• Heavy metals are a metal at a high density

• Catalyst- a substance that speeds up chemical reaction

• Catalytive converter- a device that encourages complete oxidation during combustion

• Scrubber- a device that uses a sorbent to reduce oxide emission

  

• if its ppt them x by 10 to the power of 12. if its ppm them x 10 to the power of 6