APUSH Daily Videos Notes

Period 5 (Unit 5)

5.2 - Daily Video 1

Manifest Destiny

• Key Concepts
  • The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West
  • Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the US to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean
• Motivations for Settlement
  • Greater land opportunities with the Louisiana purchase
  • Depleted soil in the East
  • Easier travel
    • internal improvements - better roads and trails
    • railroads
    • canals
  • New economic opportunities attracted European and Asian immigrants
• The Great Lakes region
  • Settlement increased after the forced removal of Native Americans
  • Opportunities in lead and iron ore mining
  • Aggressive land sales by the federal government
  • Scandinavian and German immigrants largely gravitated to the Midwest
    • Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, Illinois
    • Opportunity to own land
    • formed their own communities
• The Oregon Trail
  • Webster-Ashburton Treaty in 1842 - settled the boundary between U.S. and Canada
  • The Oregon Treaty was signed in 1846 and made the 49th parallel the official border in the NW.
  • The Oregon Trail - provided a route to Oregon country
    • Thousands of wagon trains headed west
    • Caravans consisted of 12 to 15 wagons
    • The journey lasted up to 6 to 8 months
• The California Gold rush
  • Gold discovered at Sutter's Mill in 1848
    • 49ers original name
      • Settlers from Europe Asia, and europe poured into the region
      • The opportunity to get rich quick attracted young single men
• California Settlement
  • Lawlessness - vigilante groups
  • Racial conflict
  • Businessmen became rich - filling demands
    • Ship lines carried settlers
    • Store owners sold dry goods and tools
    • Hotel owners and tent makers became wealthy
  • Cities like San Francisco and LA grew in population
• Mormon Migration
  • Migrated to the Utah territory from Nauvoo, Illinois after their leader Joseph Smith was killed
  • Brigham Young led 10,000 to to the Great Salt Lake
  • Sought refuge to practice their religion freely
  • The state was denied admission to the Union until their religious practice of polygamy was outlawed.
• Manifest Destiny
  • John O’Sullivan
    • Newspaper columnist who advocated for the annexation of Texas
    • Expansion necessary to achieve the American destiny
    • God given mission to lead the world in the spread of democracy
  • Horace Greely
    • The New York Tribune Editor - benevolently conquer the continent to spread capitalism and democracy
    • Go west
• Native Americans
  • Settlers moving West came into conflict with Native Americans on the Plains
  • Buffaloes, which were the primary source of food, were hunted almost to extinction to make way for settlers and railroad lines.
  • Sacred lands such as the Black Hills in South Dakota, which had been promised to Native Americans through treaties were taken.
• Short Answer Question

1. Briefly explain ONE historical perspective expressed in the image.
   1. The artist supports Manifest Destiny and the spread of the United States settlers westward; the image suggests that American civilization is spreading.
   2. The depiction of Native Americans and buffalos fleeing in the west suggests that they are driven out by American progress of settlers, wagons, stagecoaches, and railroads
   3. The angelic being above lights the way of progress of the US with economic progres, social and geographic mobility, religious mission, and ideas of racial superiority.
2. Briefly explain how ONE specific event or development in the period from 1844 to 1877 contributed to the process depicted in the image.
   1. The promotion of the idea of opportunities in the West through press and by journalists (John O’ Sullivan, Horace Greeley) encouraged Americans to move west.
   2. The Mexican-American War and the resulting acquisition of new land by the United States opened new land for settlement.
   3. The Oregon Trail and other trails facilitated westward movement
   4. Expanded transportation networks facilitated westward expansion.
   5. Cotton production and slavery expanded to the West.
   6. Gold rushes in CA and elsewhere.
3. Briefly explain One specific historical effect in the period from 1844 to 1877 that resulted from the process depicted in the image.
   1. The Mexican American War and the resulting of new land for the US
   2. Controversies over the spread of slavery into the west
   3. The Kansas-Nebraska Act
   4. The Compromise of 1850
   5. Wars between the federal government and Native Americans
   6. Destruction of American bison and a reduction of other natural resources in the West
   7. International migrants from places such as eastern Asia and Europe came to the western United States

• Takeaways
  • The CA Gold rush and other gold and silver rushes stimulated the settlement of the West as many looked to strike it rich.
  • Other settlers came, i.e. the Mormons for refuge from persecution
  • Women moved from traditional gender roles and were partners in settling homesteads, which led to the expansion of suffrage in some western states.
  • Advocates believing in the superiority of the U.S. and Manifest Destiny urged Ameicans to go west.

5.2 - DV2

Manifest Destiny

• Key Concepts
  • Westward migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation promoting western transportation and economic development
  • U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with Asia.
• Land Opportunities
  • The Homestead Act of 1862
    • Offered by the federal gov during the Civil War
    • Promised 160 Acres for $10 if a family could improve the land after 5 years
    • Attracted urban dwellers
    • European and Asian immigrants
    • Formerly enslaved African Americans
  • Population of Great Plains grew
• International Diplomacy with Asia
  • Japan
    • Commodore Matthew Perry sent on a mission by Millard Fillmore to open Japan for trade with warships
    • Treat Kanagawa 1854 - Japan opened for trade; first treaty with a modern western power
  • China
    • Treaty of Wanghia 1844 - first diplomatic agreement between the US and China
    • Treaty of Tianjin 1858 - opened more Chinese ports to the US
    • Chinese Education Mission - brought Chinese male students to study in the US.
• Expansion Attempts in Latin America
  • Ostend Manifesto
    • Secret document by the American ambassador to Spain, Pierre Soule, which called for Spain to sell the island of Cuba or to have it seized to protect American interests in the region which would result in an extension of American slavery. The plan was leaked, causing outrage by antislavery coalitions and President Pierce dropped the plan.
  • The Filibuster Movement
    • Attempt by a group of Americans who attempted to take power in Latin American countries without the consent of the US government and extend American slavery into the region.
    • Nicaragua was taken briefly by William Walker who proclaimed himself president and received recognition from Pierce; however he was defeated by a coalition of Central American nations and executed in Honduras.
• Transcontinental Railraod
  • Pacific Railroad Act - 1862
    • Charted the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad companies to construct a railroad to span the continent
    • The railroad would link the West Coast to the East Coast
    • Financing - government subsidies and individual investments
    • Union Pacific - employed Civil War veterans, African Americans, and European immigrants
    • Central Pacific - employed settlers, the Chinese, and Native Americans
  • Completed in 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah
    • Travel times cut to six days from coast to coast
    • Stimulus to settlement of the Great Plains facilitating travel to the region
    • Goods and commodities could move from the E to W
    • Additional rail lines followed
  • Effects of the TR
    • Pacific trade stimulated
      • Coastal cities in CA – a connection for trade with Asia
      • Eastern business could ship their goods via the railroad to markets in Asia from the West Coast
      • Asian goods and commodities could be shipped to the East
      • Immigrants from Asia could also move to the East and settle in urban areas.
• Railroad Hubs
  • Cities along the lines grew into major hubs of trade and business
    • St. Louis
    • Chicago
      • Gateway between the western and the eastern markets
      • Rapid transit economy – linked goods to people
• Takeaway
  • The fed gov sponsored land opportunities for settlers on the Great Plains
  • The construction of the Transcontinental Railroad followed by other rail lines facilitated settlers moving to the West and contributed to the population boom of the Great Plains
  • The US created more ties with Asia through trade, diplomatic and cultural initiatives.

5.3 DV1

The Mexican-American War

• Key Concepts
  • The United states added large territories in the West though victory in the Mexican-American War and diplomatic negotiations, raising questions about the status of slavery, Native Americans, and Mexicans in the newly acquired lands.
  • The U.S. gov interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans and Native Americans increased in regions taken from American Native Americans and Mexico, altering these groups’ economic self-sufficiency and cultures.
• Background
  • Texas War for Independence - 1836
    • American settlers revolted against restrctions by Mexico
      • Roman Catholicism imposed
      • Mexico outlawed slavery and forbade furher importation of enslaved people into Texas
      • American settlers had primarily been slaveholders who expanded their cotton plantations
      • The Battles of Alamo and Goliad – many Americans had been killed
      • Texans received aid from the East
      • The Battle of San Jacinto – swift victory; resulted in Texas independence
• Annexation
  • The Lone Star Republic
    • Sam houston – 1st president
    • Citizens voted for annexation
  • James K. Polk - Democrat
    • Ran on westward expansion’
    • Elected president in 1844
    • 1845 Texas entered as a slave state
  • The question of advancing slavery into the West continued to be a source of tension
• The Mexican-American War Origins
  • President Polk sought to purchase CA
    • Sent ambassador John Slidell to purchase the territory and the land east for $25 million
    • Mexico refused to make the sale and removed its minister from Washington, angry after annexation of Texas, which they believed to be an affront to them.
• The Mexican-American War 1846-1848
  • Dispute over the southern of Texas
    • The Nueces River and the Rio Grande River
    • President Polk sent US troops under the command of Zachary Taylor to the border to “protect it”
  • War declared after the Mexican army attacked US troops
    • Opposition
      • Spot Resolutions – proposed by Abraham Lincoln in the House of Representatives – to show exactly where the troops were attacked on Mexican or Texas soil
      • Whigs – Mr. Polk’s War – land grab and spread slavery
• Course of the War
  • Recent West Point graduates filled the ranks of the US Army
  • New Mexico was seized and Mexico was invaded at Veracruz in the first amphibious assault by US forces.
  • Mexico fell after capture of Mexico City – resulting in US victory
  • American soldiers would face each other again in the Civil War
• Bear Revolt
  • CA – 1946
    • John C. Fremont arrived with American soldiers for a scientific survey, but he encouraged settlers to rebel against Mexican rule.
    • After a few skirmishes with Mexican forces, some raised a homemade flag with a bear and declared their independence from Mexico during the Mexican-American War.
    • The U.S. Navy was sent to reinforce their claim along the coast.
    • Bear Flag Republic was declared, whic made it independent; however the US military occupied the territoy.
• The MExican Cession
  • The Treaty of Hidalgo – 1848
    • Western lands owned by Mexico granted to the US
      • CA, NM, AZ, NV, and UT – for $15 million
      • Question of whether the land would be free or allow slavery — most of the territory was south of the 36 30 line
      • Wilmot proviso – proposal to prohibit slavery in the new territories defeated in 1846 and 1848.
      • Gadsden Purchase 1853 – land purchased from a railroad line of $10 million (from TX to CA)
• Native Americans in the West
  • The Comanche
    • Powerful with an extensive trade network
    • Refused reservation life
    • Believed they were guaranteed buffalo hunting grounds
  • Red River War of 1874 – All native Americans not settled on reservations would be considered hostile. Removal of the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho from the South Plains.
  • After a series of conflicts the last bands were sent to Fort Sill.
  • CA
    • Native American communities destroyed
    • Vigilantes killed thousands
    • The Utes and Paiutes were pushed out of the Rocky Mountains by settlers
    • The Navajo
      • Those who would not comply with federal orders to move to reservations would be deemed hostile and would be forced to march by gunpoint
      • The Long Walk – forced marches 1863-1866 to the reservation at Bosque Redondo
• Race in the Mexican Cession
  • Texas
    • Spanish – white and of importance social position
    • Mexican – those of Spanish and Indian origin
  • CA
    • White – those who claimed Spanish descent or married to American settlers
    • Mexican – those of SPanish and Indian descent
  • Discrimination against those were considered not white
    • Could not testify in court
    • Additional miners fees charged
    • Land titles held challenged in court with land taken
    • Excess fees to mine gold.
• Takeaways
  • The border of the US extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific by the middle of the 19th century through politics and war.
  • The lives and cultures of Native Americans, Mexican Americans and Mexicans were altered after the acquisition of new western territories and as settlers encroached upon their lands.
• Land annexed in the West opened questions over the extension of slavery in the new territories and questions of race.

5.4 - DV1

Compromise of 1850

• Key Concepts
  • The Mexican cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories.
  • The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1850.
• Background
  • The addition of new territories and westward expansion brought into question the issue of the expansion of slavery which resulted in new political parties and the search for political solutions
• Free Soil Party 1848 — Free Men Free Soil
  • Land of the Mexican Cession would be free from slavery
  • Land for working men
  • Prohibit plantation owners from buying vast tracts of land
  • End slavery in Washington DC
  • Merged political coalitions from the E and W
• Election of 1848
  • Martin van Buren (Free Soil)
  • Zachary Taylor (Whig) elected president
  • Lewis Cass (Democrat)
    • Advocated for popular sovereignty – allows citizens of a state to decide the issue of slavery via the ballot.
• New Territories
  • Sectional balance became an issue
    • New Territories – CA, UT, and NM
    • Free states or allow slavery?
    • CA
      • Population boom bc of the Gold Rush
      • Large enough to enter the Union in 1850
      • Petitioned to enter as a free state
      • A portion of it was south of the line drawn by the Missouri Compromise
• Compromise of 1850
  • Author – Henry Clay
  • CA should enter as a free state
  • Popular sovereignty would be used to determine the status of slave or free in the NM and UT territories.
  • The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 – slave owners could go into northern states and reclaim people that were enslaved
  • Slave trade outlawed in Washington D.C.
• The Fugitive Slave Law 1850
  • State law enforcement could be compelled to assist with capture and jails would be used
  • Citizens could be deputized to help capture runaways when called upon by federal agents.
  • Room For Corruption
    • Judges who declared someone to be an enslaved person received $10; declaring someone as free received only $5.
  • The accused could not testify on their behalf
    • Endangered free African Americans who could be kidnapped and claimed as an enslaved person.
  • Bounty hunters became emboldened to come North.
• Reactions
  • The Underground Railroad expanded to Canada
  • African congregations in the North that consisted of former enslaved people – mass exodus to Canada and safety
  • Vigilante Committees formed to protect those who had escaped from slavery by hiding them in churches, homes, or using physical defense before sprinting them out of cities
  • States enacted personal liberty laws
    • Would not give assistance in the recapture of enslaved people
    • Jails would not be used to house captives until their trial.
• Takeaways
  • The territories in the Mexican Cession created heated tension over the question of the extension of slavery
  • The question of slavery led to the formation of a new political party, the Free Soil Party
  • The Compromise of 1850 was created to appease both the North and the South
  • Popular sovereignty would be used in territories from the Mexican Cession.
  • The new Fugitive Slave Law caused further controversy with the allowance of bounty hunters to come north and was resisted by states and individuals.

5.5 – DV1

Sectional Conflict – Regional Differences

• Key Concepts
  • Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in the US from Europe and Asia, mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs.
  • A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting new immigrants' political power and cultural influence.
• Background
  • In the 19th century the US population continued to grow with an influx of people from Europe and ASia looking for opportunities; however they were met with hostility from those who viewed them as a threat to American values.
• Immigration in the Early 19th Century
  • Large and diverse numbers of immigrants came to the US looking for new opportunities
    • Freedom from aristocracy
    • State churches in europe
    • Political instability
    • Opportunity to own land (Homestead Act)
• Irish Immigration
  • Catholic land rights revoked by the British
  • 1840-1860: the Potato Famine
  • Sought greater economic opportunity in northeastern cities
  • Chain migration
    • Men came and saved, then sent for families
  • Tended to settle in urban areas in the NE such as Boston, NY, and Philadelphia.
• Challenges and Reactions
  • Looked down upon by older Protestant Americans
  • Competed with African Americans for menial jobs in cities
  • Worked on low skilled jobs – railroads, canals
  • Discrimination – “No Irish Need Apply”
  • Self-Help
    • The Ancient Order of the Hibernians – benevolent society to help those in need
    • Molly Maguires – Irish miners union
    • Tammany Hall – political machine in NY that rewarded them for patronage
    • Founded Catholic schools to maintain their religions dn identity
• German Immigration
  • 1848 uprooted farmers, political refugees
  • Traveled as families
  • Engaged in middle-class trades – skilled craftsmen
  • Initially settled in urban areas then migrated west into both urban and rural areas.
  • The German triangle
    • St. Louis, Missouri
    • Cincinnati, Ohio
    • Milwaukee, Wisconsin
• Nativist Movement
  • Anglo-Protestant Americans
    • Fearful of a Catholic presence and the influence of the ope
    • Feared that they would bring violence from their home country
    • Economic competition – take jobs or undercut wages
    • Feared political corruption
  • Know Nothings — The American Party
    • Ran on anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic platform
    • Fear of immigrants stealing elections by illegal voting
    • Worked to slow immigration and deport paupers
    • Spread throughout major cities in the North.

Multiple Choice Question

1. What was the purpose of this political cartoon?
2. To assure people of fair elections
3. To welcome newly arrived Irish and German immigrants
4. To portray Irish and German immigrants in a negative light and create mistrust.
5. To increase diversity in the American cities and portray immigrants as trustworthy citizens.

• Takeaways
  • Irish and German immigration increased steadily in the mid-nineteenth century
  • They formed ethnic enclaves in which their culture and languages could be preserved and their religion maintained.
  • Irish immigrants formed their own Catholic school system in some cities and German immigrants supported public education, including kindergarten, and influenced American culture.
  • Nativists promoted American-born politicians and feared immigrants would overwhelm the nation and negatively influence the country, especially in the political arena.

5.5 DV2

Sectional Conflict — Regional Differences

• Key Concepts
  • The North’s expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast to the Southern economy’s dependence on slave labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on the principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free labor market. As a result, a free-soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor.
  • African American and white abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery, presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting enslaved people’s escape, and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals.
  • Defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery and states’ rights were protected by the Constitution.
• The Industrial North
  • Textile
  • Manufacturing — agricultural and consumer goods
  • Factories employed free labor — wage earners
  • The Old Northwest
    • Agricultural regions developed in the Great Lakes region
    • Connected the East through roads, railroads and canals\
    • Cities on the Great lakes became important markets (e.g., Chicago, Cleveland, Buffalo)
• Free Soil
  • Northerners, who did not oppose slavery in principle, believed it undermined the free labor market and limited opportunities for working men.
  • The expansion of slavery in the West would limit opportunities for free labor as plantation owners would be able to purchase large tracts of land , leaving the less desirable land for working men.
  • The Free Soil movement spread throughout the North and became the Free Soil Party
• The Agrarian South
  • The cotton gin made cotton production more lucrative.
  • The labor of enslaved people was fundamental to the economy of the South.
  • The population of enslaved African Americans increased naturally by birth.
  • The institutions slave trade grew 1.5 million persons sold from the Upper South to the Deep South and West — called teh Second Middle Passage
  • Slave codes
    • Strictly regulated enslaved African Americans to prevent slave revolts.
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin
  • Harriet beecher Stowe – author
    • Used moral persuasion in her story
    • Created the sympathetic characters of Uncle Tom and Eliza
    • Most widely read of all antislavery writings with public readings.
• The Anthony Burns Case
  • Burns had escaped from VA and had become a preacher and tailor in Boston.
  • He was arrested and dragged to jail by bounty hunters; a mob surrounded the jail when the word got out.
  • Federal marsja;s were brought in to quell a riot that resulted in the death of an officer. It cost $40000 to return him to VA.
  • Hsi freedom was later purchased by abolitionists, and he returned to work against slavery.
• John Brown’s Raid – 1859
  • Planned and led a raid on the federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry with African American and white forces in order to start a mass slave revolt in VA.
  • Crushed by the VA militia, arrested and hanged
  • Prophesied: “the nation’s sins would be purged with blood”
• Defense of Slavery
  • Slavery provided a sense of duty, order, and legitimacy in the lives of enslaved African Americans
  • Pseudoscience was used to defend slavery – polygenesis
  • White durty to keep African Ameircans in theri place and keep them from being aimless and uncontrollable
  • “A Necessary Good” – John C. Calhoun
  • Southerners defended the institution, painting the circumstance of enslaved people as better than immigrant workers in factories – provided housing and clothing.
• Religion and Slavery
  • White preachers espoused that african Americans were cursed for bondage.
  • Misused Bible Scriptures to support slavery
  • Espoused the scripture “servants obey your masters” to enslaved people.
  • Baptist and Methodists split over the issue of slavery (north vs south)
• States’ Rights
  • Southern states maintained that as states they had the right to maintain slavery under the 10th Amendment of the Constitution.
    • 10th Amendment: “Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.”
• Takeaways
  • States in the North developed an industrial economy with ties to the agricultural Old NW through a system of railroads and canals that would bring goods to markets in the east
  • The Free-Soil Movement grew out of the view as slavery being incompatible with free labor.
  • States in the South developed an agrarian economy based on the institution of slavery.
  • Abolitionism became more active presenting moral arguments and aiding escaped persons to freedom. Some abolitionists were willing to use violence.
  • Defense of slavery based based on pseudoscience as good for African Americans, and under the protection of the Constitution.

5.6 — DV1

Failure of Compromise

• Key Concepts
  • The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict.
• Background
  • This debate over slavery continued to grow in the US in the mid-nineteenth century and grew more hotly contested as the nation moved closer to disunion. Political arguments sometimes resulting in physical altercations in the halls of Congress and new parties formed. Decisions made by lawmakers and the Supreme Court caused even more dissension.
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act
  • Devised by Stephen A. Douglas
  • Divide the Nebraska territory into two – Kansas and Nebraska
  • Popular sovereignty would determine their status – let the voters decide
  • Bleeding Kansas
    • Proslavery (border ruffians) – temporary settlers from Missouri
    • Antislavery settlers (jayhawks) – with some assistance from antislavery societies
    • Moved into the territory and violence ensued; a mini civil war between factions with attacks and counter attacks on various settlements and towns.
• Election Crisis in Kansas
  • Illegal voting in elections – pro slavery Missourians (border ruffians) cast illegal ballots
  • Two different govs were established
  • Lecompton Constitution
    • Protected slave owners whether the state constitution was passed with or without slavery
  • The fed gov recognized the proslavery gov.
• Debate over Slavery in Congress
  • The Gag Rule:any debate on the issue of slavery were tabled from 1836 to 1844
  • Debates over slavery in Congress were heated
  • Representative Charles Sumner – Massachusetts
    • Caned by Preston Brooks from SC during a speech in Congress over slavery where Brooks felt that his relative had been dishonored by claims that Summer had made about him.
• Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857
  • US Supreme Court Case
    • Dred Scott – an enslaved man who sued for his freedom after the landowners' death because he had been taken to the Minnesota Territory, which was free territory and he lived there for a time.
    • Supreme Court ruled he remain enslaved
• Court Opinion and Reaction
  • Chief Justice Roger Taney
    • Enslaved people and African Americans were not citizens and not eligible to sue in court. ‘
    • Enslaved people were private property
      • Could be brought anywhere in the country and remain enslaved
      • Could not be regulated by the federal gov.
    • Therefore Compromise of 1820 (the Missouri Compromise) – unconstitutional
      • Compromise of 1820 (the Missouri Compromise) – a federal legislation of the United States that balanced desires of northern states to prevent expansion of slavery in the country with those of southern states to expand it.
• New Political Party
  • The Liberty Party
    • Demanded limits on slavery
    • Prohibit the internal slave trade and expansion
    • No women or racial equality in the party
    • Short lived
• Republican Party 1854
  • Formed as result of the Kansas Nebraska Act
    • The Slave Power of the South was a greater threat to liberty than immigration
    • Poor whites had no hope of advancement
    • Free laborers would not have any opportunities if labor by enslaved persons spread to the West
    • The party was not allowed in the South.
  • Composed of
    • Whigs, Free Soilers, Know Nothings, and Democrats from the North and the West
    • Wanted to end the spread of slavery but did not support abolitionism
    • Represented in the 1856 election – John C. Fremont
• Lincoln–Douglas Debates
  • Illinois Senate race in 1856
  • AL (Abraham Lincoln) and SD (Stephen Douglas) met in a series of debates around the state.
  • AL used logic to challenge Douglas and folksy stories in the debates
  • Douglas supported Popular Sovereignty and issued the Freeport Doctrine – an answer to the Dred Scott decision - slavery would not exist where people voted it down.
• Takeaways
  • Attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the newly acquired territories continued through legislation, such as the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and court cases, such as the Dred Scott decision, but ultimately failed
  • New political parties based on sectional interests emerged as the nation grew further apart.

5.7 – DV1

Election of 1860 and Secession

• Key Concepts
  • AL’s victory in the Election of 1860 was achieved without any Southern electoral votes.
  • After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states vote to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War.
• Context
  • As the nation grows in size and the issue of slavery continues to divide the nation, it will all come to a head in the Election of 1860.
    • Compromise of 1850
    • Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)
    • Dred Scott v Sandford (1858)
    • John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (1859)
• Candidates of the Election of 1860
  • Democrats
    • Stepehn Douglas
      • Support of the North
      • Popular sovereignty (Freeport Doctrine)
      • 12 votes
    • John C. Breckinridge
      • Support of the south
      • Supported slavery and states’ rights
      • 72 votes
  • Republican Party
    • Abraham Lincoln (AL)
      • Free-soil platform (NOT ABOLISHMENT)
      • Non-extension of slavery (NOT ABOLISHMENT)
      • 180 Votes - Victor
  • Constitutional Union Party
    • John Bell
      • Party of the law (the Constitution)
      • Adhere to the Missouri COmpromise (Compromise of 1820)
        • New States above 30 60 line would be free
        • New states below would be slave
      • 39 votes
• One Last Attempt…
  • Reasons to secede
    • AL (free soil platform) wine without Southern support
  • December 1860 – Crittenden Compromise
    • Amendment applying the Missouri COmpromise line coast to coast
    • Federal protection of slavery
    • Lincoln rejects = North/South coexistence not possible.
• South’s Reaction
  • December 1860 - SC secedes, followed by five other states
    • Buchanan doesn't believe Constitution justified any action
  • Feb 1861 – creation of the Confederate states of America
  • April 1861 - attack on the federal fort, Fort Sumter (Charleston, SC) marking the official start of the Civil War.
• LEQ Thesis and Evidence
  • To what extent did debates over slavery in the period from 1830 to 1860 lead the United States into the Civil War?
    • Thesis
      • Overall, the debate of slavery had a tremendous impact on causing the Civil War as sectionalism and debates over states’ rights arose
    • Evidence:
      • Dred Scot v Sandford 1857
      • Kansas Nebraska Act 1854
• Takeaways
  • AL won the Election of 1860 without carrying one Southern state.
  • The “perfect storm” of conditions following the Mexican-American War and into the Election of 1860 will lead the South to feel that secession was the only way to secure other interests.
  • The south will secede to preserve the institution of slavery.

5.8 – DV1

Military Conflict in the Civil War

• Key Concepts
  • Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage war
  • Although the COnfederacy showed military initiative early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South’s infrastructure.
• Context
  • Dates: 1861-1865
  • Causes
    • Increasing sectionalism
      • Slavery
      • States rights vs federal power
    • Tipping point = AL’s victory in the Election of 1860
• North v South
  • Union
    • Abraham Lincoln
    • Washington, DC
    • Urban, larger cities
    • Strengths
      • Industrialized = production of war time materials
      • Extensive railroad system
      • Larger population (immigration)
        • Workforce
        • Draft = NY Draft Riot
      • Strong Government
    • Weaknesses
      • Lacked military leadership
      • Less unified
    • Strategy
      • Anaconda Plan
        • Block South;’s coastal access
        • Take Mississippi River = split the Confederacy into two
  • Confederate States of America
    • Jefferson Davis
    • Richmond, VA
    • Rural, large plantations
    • Agriculture (cash crops)
    • Underdeveloped transportation systems
    • Strengths
      • Experienced and capable military leadership
      • Defensive war at home
      • Very motivated and unified (way of life at stake)
    • Weaknesses
      • Less resources
      • Weak government
        • States rights still prevailing attitude
    • Strategy
      • War of attrition – win by not losing
• The Border States
  • Slave states that did no secede (still part of the Union)
    • Delaware
    • MD
    • Kentucky
    • Missouri
    • And soon to be West Virginia
• Trajectory of the War
  • Beginning
    • “On paper” comparison led many to predict a swift end to the war
    • Early defeats and a rotation of generals begins to wear on the North
  • Middle/End
    • The South plays offense and the North is able to defend
    • North makes adjustments and its advantages, heading into the war, give it endurance to finish out the war.
• Events
  • July 1861 – 1st Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
    • Realization war will be long
  • Sept 1862 – Antietam
    • Emancipation Proclamation
    • Deters Europe from entering in war
      • The South hoped tEuropean powers would come to their aid. With a union victory at the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln would issue the Emancipation Proclamation. Countries like Great and France would elect to remain neutral. Both countries feared cognition of the Confederate States of America would inspire revolution in their own lands. Additionally, both countries did not agree with the South’s position on slavery.
  • July 1863 – Gettysburg
    • North stops Robert E. Lee’s invasion of the North
    • Followed by Gettysburg Address
  • May 1863 – Vicksburg
    • The North now controls the Mississippi and Grant promoted
  • Nov-Dec 1864 – Sherman’s March to the Sea
    • “Scorched earth” = total war
    • Crippled southern industries.
  • April 1865
    • Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse
      • General Lee surrenders bringing an end to the war.
• Takeaways
  • The North struggled at the start of the war, its advantages better equipped it to handle a longer war.
  • During the war, opportunities to break down societal barriers would open up for women and African Americans.

5.9 – DV1

Government Policies During the Civil War

• Key Concepts
  • Lincoln’s decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation reframed the purpose of the war and helped to prevent the confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers.
  • Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg Address to portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America’s founding democratic ideals.
• Context: Emancipation Proclamation
  • Sectionalism before the Civil War forced Americans to have an opinion about the issue of slavery
  • A direct result of the election of 1860 is the secession of Southern states and the Civil War
• Emancipation Proclamation Breakdown
  • Description
    • Issued following the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam.
    • Effective January 1863
    • Tone designed to sound like a legal document
    • Declared freedom for the enslaved in teh “rebellious states’
    • Did not free any enslaved people (at the time)
    • Did not apply to border states
      • Did not secede
  • Significance
    • Purpose of Civil War shifts
    • Acted as a rally cry for abolitionists and enslaved
      • Blacks, free and enslaved, joined the military (in segregated units)
    • Europe (GB and France) remain neutral due to opposition of slavery
  • Critics
    • Emancipated of the Union, not abolitionism
    • Defense
      • Pro emancipation
        • Buyout plan in Border States at the start of the war
      • Uncertain about Constitutional right to emancipate
        • Chief Justice Taney (Dred Scott decision)
      • North suffered a string of losses and need a win to issue
• Context: The Gettysburg Address
  • Two years into the Civil War
  • General Lee leads a campaign into the North
  • July 1863 – Battle of Gettysburg
    • Most casualties of any battle of the Civil War
    • Stops the Confederate invasion of the North.
  • Description
    • Dedicate a military cemetery at Gettysburg, PA
    • Speaking to North and South (“nation” rather than Union)
    • Bridges the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution
      • Preservation of the Union demands an end to slavery
    • Makes the Civil War a test of democracy (literally)
      • America is a political experiment.
  • Significance
    • A gut check for both sides
    • Calls for Americans to revise their conception of democracy and pursue a new multi-racial vision of liberty
    • Will pave the way for the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments
• Takeaways
  • Lincoln’s leadership skills
    • Foresight
    • Timing
  • Preserving the Union means
    • The Emancipation Proclamation makes the Civil War a war to abolish slavery
  • The Gettysburg Address proposes a reinvention or “rebirth” of the American identity and democracy

5.10 - DV1

Reconstruction

• Key Concepts
  • Reconstruction altered relationships between the states and the federal government and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.
  • Reconstruction would ultimately fail due to the South’s resistance.
• Two Questions
  • How does the country secure and protect the rights (specifically voting) of newly freed enslaved?
  • Under what terms should the South be readmitted into the Union.
• Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1866)
  • Gradual citizenship – help teach African Americans how to become full citizens
  • South never left the Union – guaranteed readmission following the Civil War
• Gradual Citizenship
  • 13th Amendment (1865)
    • Abolishes slavery
  • Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
    • Immediate impact
      • Provide basic needs to former enslaved and poor whites in the South
      • Long term impact
        • Greatest impact would be EDUCATION.
  • 10 Percent Plan
    • Readmission requires 10% of the population of Southern states to pledge loyalty to the Union.
  • Johnson
    • Pushed for Southern elections and allowed representatives back in Congress.
• Effects of Presidential Reconstruction
  • Black Codes
    • Southern states forced support of the 18th amendment
    • Black Codes - limited the rights of African Americans in the South
      • Illegal to hunt and fish
      • Could not own a gun
      • Forced to sign long-term labor contracts (effectively enslavement)
      • Unemployment could lead to arrest
  • Johnson v Congress
    • Republican unhappy with:
      • Johnson’s Southern sympathies = vetoes
    • 2 major missteps (vetoing the following): Empowering the Freedmen’s Bureau with the authority to enforce and press charges
    • Civil Rights Act of 1866 – birthright citizenship (except Indians)
      • Ending Dred Scott decision
    • Effectively ends the working relationship between Johnson and Congress

MCQ Sample

The Black Codes passed in a number of Southern states after the Civil War were intended to

1. Promote the return of former slaves to Africa
2. Enable Black citizens to vote in federal elections
3. Further the integration of Southern society
4. Placed limits on the socioeconomic opportunities Black people
   1. In response to the 13th Amendment and a sympathetic President Johnson, Southern states passed a series of laws aimed at controlling the social status and financial means of African Americans.

• Takeaways
  • Presidential reconstruction favored a forgiving plan for Southern readmission
  • Republicans feared that President Johnson’s sympathy for the South could result in a significant Democratic shift in Congress
  • Southern states resist federal attempts to empower African Americans with Black Codes.

5.10 - DV2

Reconstruction

• Key Concepts
  • Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to change the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and to reorder race relations in the defeated South yielded some short-term successes.
  • The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and 15th Amendments granted African Americans citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights.
• Two Questions
  • How does the country secure and protect the rights (specifically voting) of newly freed enslaved?
  • Under what terms should the South be readmitted into the Union.
• Routes to Reconstruction
  • Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1866)
    • Lincoln and Johnson
    • More forgiving approach
    • Discussed in previous lesson
  • Congressional Reconstruction (1867-1870)
    • Radical Republicans
    • More abrasive approach
• Congressional Reconstruction
  • Full and immediate citizenship
  • SSouth secede and readmission requires full compliance
  • Growing fear that if Democrats gain control of Congress that acts will be overturned so there's a push to build these rights into the Constitution
• Radical Response
  • 14th Amendment
    • Establishes birthright citizenship and equal citizenship under law
  • Reconstruction Act of 1867
    • Divide the Confederacy into five military districts
  • Johnson’s Impeachment
    • Impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act
      • Tenure of Office Act: United States federal law, in force from 1867 to 1887, that was intended to restrict the power of the president to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the U.S. Senate. The law was enacted March 2, 1867, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. It purported to deny the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress.
  • Grant wins Election of 1868
    • 15th Amendment (1870)
      • Male suffrage

SAQ Sample

Using the post-Civil War image above, answer (a), (b), and (c).

1. Briefly describe ONE perspective about citizenship expressed in this image
   1. Possible Answers to (a)
      1. The right to vote was an integral part of citizenship for African Americans following the Civil War.
      2. During Reconstruction Congress passed the 14th Amendment and uses Reconstruction Acts to force southern states to hold elections.
      3. The image celebrates the right to vote and highlights the empowerment of those who have recently been granted suffrage by the federal government.
2. Briefly explain ONE historical development that led to the change depicted in the image.
3. Briefly explain ONE way in which the historical change depicted in the image was challenged in the period 1866-1896.

• Takeaways
  • Presidential reconstruction favored a forgiving plan for Southern readmission
  • Radical Republicans:
    • Sought full citizenship to former enslaved
    • Believed southern states would resist without political or military force
  • Reconstruction Amendments:
    • 13th Amendment
      • “Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.”
      • abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
    • 14th Amendment
      • (Section ⅕) All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
    • 15th Amendment
      • prohibits the federal government and each state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
      • “Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.”

5.11 - DV1

Failure of Reconstruction

• Key Concepts
  • Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region’s land even after Reconstruction. Former slaves sought land ownership but fell short of self-sufficiency as an exploitative and soil intensive sharecropping system limited blacks’ and poor whites’ access to land in the South.
  • Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights but the 14th and 15th Amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century.
• Republicans Set the Tone
  • 13th - abolishes slavery
  • 14th - birthright citizenship, equality under the law.
  • 15th - male suffrage
  • Federal gov not scared to use military force.
• Increasing Distrust
  • Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
    • Scalawags - Southern whites who supported Republican Reconstruction
    • Carpetbaggers - Northern transplants who relocated to the South
    • Goal = to seize political and financial power in a South controlled by Northern Republicans.
  • Corruption in the Grant Administration
    • Force Acts - allowed the gov to take military action to protect voting rights
    • 1870 – Congress created the DOJ (Department of Justice)
      • Allows for federal prosecutions if states failed to uphold laws.
    • Grant would be reelected in 1872
    • Corruption: (I suggest looking these up and reading Dougherty’s slides)
      • Grant was not involved in any of these scandals, however the people who he appointed were. This will cause the public to find Grant corrupted by association.
      • Gold Scandal - federal Treasury
      • Credit Mobilier Scandal – Vice President Accepting payments
      • Whiskey Ring – private secretary
  • Election of 1876 (Hayes-Tilden)
    • Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)
    • Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat)
    • Electoral issues in FL, LA, and SC
    • Political deadlock results in Compromise of 1877
      • also known as the Wormley Agreement or the Bargain of 1877, was an unwritten political deal in the United States to settle the intense dispute over the results of the 1876 presidential election, ending the filibuster of the certified results and the threat of political violence in exchange for an end to federal Reconstruction.
      • Southern Dems allow Hayes to take office
      • Hayes effectively ends Reconstruction by withdrawing troops in the South.
• Power Back with the States
  • Sharecropping
    • Former enslaved exchange labor for a share of crops
      • Would wind up working for former masters
    • Land owners would exploit legal and financial loopholes
      • Preyed on many African Americans that lacked formal education
  • Ku Klux Klan
    • Founded in 1866
    • “Invisible Empire of the South” = domestic terrorism
    • Vioence (lynchings) used to intimidate Northern influences in the South
      • Carpetbaggers
      • Republican politicians
      • African Americans
  • Jim Crow Laws
    • Informal segregation evolves into systematic state segregation
    • All public facilities (schools, transportation, etc)
    • Eliminated outlets for social mobility
    • Repressing suffrage
      • Literary tests
      • Poll taxes
      • Allowed violence
    • Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 = “separate but equal”
• Takeaways
  • Hayes and the Compromise of 1877 will effectively end Reconstruction
  • Jim Crow laws and groups like the KKK will segregate and dissolve the Constitutional rights of African Americans in the South.