·        What’s the difference between laminar corium and epidermal laminae?

o   Laminar corium is where the the convex surface of P3 blends with the longitudinal leaves of the corium (sensitive laminae)

o   The epidermal laminae (insensitive laminae)

·        What is the chronic condition of laminitis?

o   Inflammation of the laminae that is incredibly painful and can result in detachment/rotation of the sensitive lamina and the insensitive lamina

·        What demarcates the sides of the frog from the adjacent sole?

o   Collateral sulci

·        What is wind puffs or wind galls?

o   Accumulation of synovial fluid within the palmar/plantar recess that is associated with hard training

·        What are the 4 things listed that can occur with navicular disease (horses can exhibit some or all of them)?

o   Erosion of the articular cartilages

o   Bursitis of navicular bursa

o   Adhesions between the deep digital flexor tenson and navicular bone

o   Erosion or necrosis of the navicular

·        Know Figure 8-13 in the powerpoint (what happens to the joints if there is trauma to the tendons?)

o   Damaged superficial, deep, and suspensory apparatus

·        What is the stay apparatus and the reciprocal apparatus in the pelvic limb?

o   The stay apparatus prevents the stifle and hock from flexing with locking of the patella with the reciprocal apparatus

o   Reciprocal apparatus garuntees that the hock will always flex and extend in unison with the stifle

Chapter 10:

·        What are the basic functions of the nervous system?

o   Movement, regulate secretions, gather info of external environment, maintain conciusness, generates survival drive

·        What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?  The peripheral nervous system is further subdivided into what? The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into what?

o   PNS: glands, muscles, and receptors

o   CNS: integrates, initiates movement from PNS

o   ANS: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

·        What are the 3 subdivisions of the adult brain? Which comes from the telencephalon? Which from the diencephalon?

o   Cerebrum (develops from embryonic telencephalon)

o   Cerebellum(

o   Brainstem(diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)

·        Know what the corpus callosum is

o    

·        What structures are included in the diencephalon?

o   Thalmus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, third ventricle

·        What is included in the metencephalon? What are the functions (what do they do)?

o   Cerebellum dorsally and pons ventrally

o   CRITICAL FOR TIMING AND EXECUTION OF MOVEMENT; ACTS TO SMOOTH AND COORDINATE MUSCLE ACTIVITY

·        What does the myelencephalon become in the adult?

o   Becomes medulla oblongata in adult

·        Know what is mentioned about hydrocephalus

o   During development, the mesencephalic aqueduct is inadequately formed and causes a buildup of CSF because circulation is obstructed and the head becomes enlarged and causes elevated pressure on the brain

·        Know the 3 layers of the meninges (and which is more superficial, deep, middle, etc)

o   Pia mater: DEEPEST (delicate membrane that forms a sheath around the blood vessels)

o   Arachnoid: MIDDLE LAYER (space between pia and arachnoid is the subarachnoid space)

§  Filled CSF

o   Dura: OUTER COVERING (dura of the spinal meninges is separated from the periosteum of the ventral canal by the epidural space

·        What’s different between the spinal nerves in the cervical region vs the thoracic region?

o   Cervical= exit the foramen cranial to the vertebrae of the same number

o   Thoracic= spinal nerves exit the foramen caudal to the vertebrae to that of the same number

·        Know the cranial nerves and their function

Chapter 11:

·        What is the difference between axons and dendrites?

o   Axons=away

o   Dendrites=towards

·        Is the resting membrane potential usually (-) or (+) inside the cell?

o   Resting potential is negative (-) inside the cell

·        What are the 3 things that the resting membrane potential depends on?

o   Depends on electrogenic Na-K pump(moves k ions in, Na kicked out), nongated K channels, and presence of large negatively charged molecules in the cell’s interior

·        What’s the difference, in terms of speed, between unmyelinated and myelinated axons?

o   Unmyelated axons have slower propagation potentials because it isn’t insulated and must go through depolarization and polarization

·        What is the node of Ranvier?

o   A small gap in myelinated axons that serve as a junction of wrappings of myelin

·        What are the 2 types of synapses? Which is more prevalent?

o   Electrical: gap junctions between cell membranes of adjacent neurons that permit ionic exchange

o   Chemical: (MORE PREVALENT)info exchange with release of neurotransmitters from one neuron or target cell

·        How are neurotransmitters removed (what are the 3 things listed)?

o   1: enzymes at synapse degrade the neurotransmitter

o   2: cell membrane transport system absorb neurotransmitter

o   3:neurotransmitter diffuses away from synapse

·        Know about organophosphates and the antidote

o   OrgoPhos inhibits breakdown of ACH (SLUDDE)

§  TX w/ ATROPINE

·        What are the best known neurotransmitters listed?

o   Acetylcholine

o   Norepinephrine

o   Dopamine

o   Gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA

·        What are the two classes of cholinergic receptors?

o   Cholinergi and Anticholinergic

§  Nicotinic and muscarinic

·        What are receptors that use norepinephrine called?

o   Catecholamines or presunaptic neurons and synapses

·        What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and an excitatory neurotransmitter?

o    

·        Acetylcholine is associated with the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system? What about epinephrine?

o   Parasympathetic

·        Know where an upper motor neuron is located, vs a lower motor neuron

·        What is the difference in an UMN bladder and a LMN bladder (a few things listed on the one slide)

Chapter 12:

·        What are the different types of sensory receptors listed?

o   Mechanoreceptors (physical deformation)

o   Thermoreceptors(heat and cold response)

o   Nociceptor (respond to noxious stimulus)

o   Photoreceptors (light receptors of retina)

o   Chemoreceptors (receptors to chemical changes with taste, smell, blood pH, and gas concentration)

·        Which nerve transmits most of the noxious stimulus information?

o   Trigeminal nerve

·        Know what primary hyperalgesia is and an example

o   Perception of pain in injured tissue is increased (cut finger)

·        What is proprioception?

o   Knowing where your feet are

·        What is gustation and what role does saliva play?

o   Taste, chemical in saliva for taste

·        What is the external acoustic canal? The auditory tube (what does it connect)?

o   Tubular extension of the pinna, Eustachian Tube (nasopharynx linked to auditory tube)

·        With deafness, are most lesions in the brain? Or in the periphery?

o   Bilateral lesions, most periphral

·        How much does the gland of the third eyelid contribute to tear film? What is the deeper gland called in other species?

o   50% of tear film

o   Harderian gland

·        What are the 3 different layers of the globe? And what is in each layer/part?

o   Fibrous layer (sclera and cornea; shape of eye, nerves, and blood vessels)

o   Vascular layer (choroid, cilirary body, iris; open and close pupil)

o   Nerve layer (retina; retina generates nerve impulses-optic nerve-brain-picture)

·        What is the difference between lenticular sclerosis (also known as nuclear sclerosis) and cataracts?

o   Nuclear sclerosis is cloudiness with age

o   Cataracts (structural change in proteins that make the lens cloudy)

·        What is the tapedum?

o   Back of the eye (improved vision in dim light, very reflective)

·        What is the difference for the visual fields of predators vs prey animals? Which has better depth perception?

o   Prey=lateral eyes and small binocular field

o   Predator= binocular field with better depth perception