AP Human Geography Unit Three

Cultural Landscape: The cultural landscape is a geographic area that has been shaped by human culture, incorporating cultural practices, histories, and interactions with the environment. It reflects the values, traditions, and social structures of a community.
Identity (in relation to humans): Identity refers to the characteristics, qualities, and beliefs that make a person or group distinct. In a social context, it encompasses aspects such as ethnicity, nationality, religion, and personal experiences that contribute to an individual's or community's sense of self.
Sequent Occupance: Sequent occupance is a concept in geography that describes the layers of human habitation and usage of a particular area over time. It recognizes how successive groups modify and influence the landscape, leaving their mark on the environment.
Ethnicity: Ethnicity pertains to the shared cultural, linguistic, or ancestral heritage of a group of people. It often shapes individuals' identities and experiences based on perceived differences from other groups.
Ethnic Neighborhoods: Ethnic neighborhoods are areas within a city or region where a specific ethnic group predominately resides, often characterized by the group's culture, food, language, and social practices, fostering a sense of community among members.
Traditional Architecture: Traditional architecture refers to building styles and designs that are characteristic of a particular culture or region, reflecting its history, habits, and environmental conditions. It often utilizes local materials and techniques passed down through generations.
Post-modern Architecture: Post-modern architecture is a style that emerged in the late 20th century, marked by a departure from the principles of modernism. It is known for its eclectic use of historical references, varied materials, and playful ornamentation, emphasizing individuality and social

Here's a brief definition of each term:

Colonialism: A practice where a country establishes control over a foreign territory, often involving the settlement of its people and the exploitation of resources.
Imperialism: The policy or ideology of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force, often to establish dominance over other nations or territories.
Lingua Franca: A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers of different native languages, often used for trade and communication.
Creolization: The process by which elements from different cultures blend together to form new cultural identities, often seen in language, music, and social practices.
Trade: The exchange of goods and services between individuals or entities, which can occur on a local, regional, or global scale, facilitating cultural and economic interactions.
Migration: The movement of people from one place to another, often for the purpose of settling in a new location, which can lead to cultural exchange and demographic changes.
Cultural Convergence: The tendency for different cultures to become more similar due to factors such as globalization, communication, and interaction

Here are brief definitions for each of the terms:

Acculturation: The process through which individuals or groups from one culture adopt the beliefs and practices of another culture, while still retaining elements of their original culture.
Assimilation: A process wherein individuals or groups from one culture fully adopt the beliefs, behaviors, and customs of another culture, often resulting in the loss of their original cultural identity.
Syncretism: The blending of different religious, cultural, or philosophical belief systems into a new, unified system, which can occur through cultural exchange or interaction.
Multiculturalism: A societal approach that recognizes and values diverse cultural backgrounds and promotes the coexistence of multiple cultures within a community or nation.
Collectivist Cultures: Cultures that emphasize group harmony, interdependence, and the collective good over individual achievements, often prioritizing family and community expectations.
Cultural Appropriation: The act of taking elements from one culture, typically by members of a more dominant culture, often without permission or understanding, and incorporating them into one's own culture

Sense of Place: The emotional and psychological attachment that people have to specific locations, shaped by their experiences, memories, and cultural values.
Placemaking: A collaborative process of designing and developing public spaces that enhance community well-being and foster connections among people.
Dialects: Variations of a language that are specific to a certain region or social group, characterized by distinct vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.
Adherents: Individuals or groups who follow a particular faith, ideology, or set of beliefs.
Denominations: Specific branches or groups within a religion, characterized by shared beliefs and practices but differing in interpretations or traditions.
Sect: A subgroup within a larger religious or social group, often with distinct beliefs or practices that differ from the main body.
Centripetal Forces: Forces that bring people together and promote unity within a community or society, often contributing to social cohesion.
Centrifugal Forces: Forces that drive people apart and create divisions within a community or society, such as differences in beliefs, cultures, or interests.

Here are definitions for the terms related to language categorization:

Language Family: A group of languages that are related through descent from a common ancestral language. Language families share structural features and vocabulary, which can give insights into their historical connections.
Isolate Language: A language that cannot be classified into any existing language family, meaning it has no known relatives. These languages stand alone, often having unique features and structures.
Language Branch: A subgroup within a language family that shares a more recent common ancestor. Languages in the same branch have closer linguistic ties and often exhibit more similarities.
Language Groups: Further subdivisions within a language branch. These languages may share specific linguistic features and vocabulary, showcasing tighter connections among them.

Universalizing religions are religions that seek to spread their beliefs and practices to all people, regardless of culture or location. They aim to be applicable to all humanity, often promoting a message of inclusivity and outreach. Examples of universalizing religions include Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.

Christianity

Religion: Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. It emphasizes salvation and eternal life through faith in Jesus as the Son of God and the savior of humanity.
Diffusion: Christianity spread initially through the Roman Empire and later through missionaries and colonialism. The Protestant Reformation in the 16th century further led to the establishment of various branches.
Distribution: Today, Christianity has the largest following in the world, mainly concentrated in the Americas, Europe, and parts of Africa and Australia.

Islam

Religion: Islam is a monotheistic religion founded on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, emphasizing submission to the will of Allah (God). Its primary texts are the Quran and Hadith.
Diffusion: Islam spread rapidly across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe and Asia through conquests, trade, and missionary activities after its founding in the 7th century.
Distribution: Today, Islam is predominantly found in the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of South and Southeast Asia, with significant communities in Europe and North America.

Buddhism

Religion: Buddhism is a non-theistic religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), which emphasize the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as a means to achieve enlightenment.
Diffusion: Buddhism spread from India to various parts of Asia, including Sri Lanka, China, Japan, and Tibet, largely through missionaries and trade routes such as the Silk Road.
Distribution: Buddhism is primarily found in East Asia (China, Japan, Korea) and Southeast Asia (Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia) but has also gained followers in the West.

Sikhism

Religion: Sikhism is a monotheistic religion founded in the 15th century by Guru Nanak in the Punjab region of India. It emphasizes equality, service to others, and devotion to God.
Diffusion: Sikhism spread through the teachings and travels of its Gurus and, later, through the migration of Sikhs, especially during the British colonial period.
Distribution: Sikhism is primarily practiced in India, particularly in Punjab, with significant diaspora communities in the UK, Canada, the USA, and Australia.

Hinduism

Religion: Hinduism is one of the oldest religions, characterized by a variety of beliefs and practices, including the worship of multiple deities, karma, and reincarnation.
Diffusion: Hinduism primarily diffused through migration and trade. It spread to various regions of Asia, most notably Southeast Asia, where it influenced cultures and religions.
Distribution: The majority of Hindus live in India and Nepal, with smaller communities in Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Caribbean islands.

Judaism

Religion: Judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic religions, centered on the covenant between God and the Jewish people, with a strong emphasis on laws and ethical conduct as outlined in the Torah.
Diffusion: Judaism spread through diaspora communities due to historical events such as conquests and expulsions. It has often been influenced by interactions with surrounding cultures.
Distribution: Today, Judaism has significant populations in Israel and the United States, with smaller

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