AP World History Unit 2
The Silk Roads - Definition
Vast network of roads and trails that facilitated trade and the spread of culture and ideas across Eurasia in and before the period 1200-1450
Mainly luxury items that were exchanges, especially Chinese Silk
Goods Traded:
Mostly luxury goods, this made things directed to upper class and more expensive.
Silk
Gunpowder
Paper
Tea
Textiles
Compass
Porcelain
Spices
Cardamom
Cinnamon
Nutmeg
Pepper
Saffron
Ginger
Salt
The Silk Roads Expand: Causes
Supported by Empires
Controlled at some points by:
Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Abbasid Empire
Tang China
Mongol Empire
Controlled almost entire route at its height
Led to third Silk Road Golden age
Protected it
Spread the Black Plague to Europe
All these empires protected the merchants
Merchants felt safer
Trade started flourishing
Innovations in Commercial Practices
Development of money economies
Chinese pioneered this innovation
Started using paper money to facilitate trade
Merchants could deposit bills in one location and then withdraw the same amount in another location thus increasing the ease of travel and the security of transactions
Increasing use of credit
Chinese called it “Flying money”
Similar to checks, pieces of paper could be exchanged for coins in separate regions
Rise of Banks
Europe introduced banking houses
Similar to the Chinese system
Innovations in Transportation
Paper Money
Called “flying money,” was easier to carry
Facilitated trade growth
Caravanserai
Provided safety for merchants from plunderers
Became centers of cultural exchange & diffusion
Travelers could rest and trade their animals for new ones
Saddles
Introduced to make riding easier for long distances
Camel saddle- Made transportation easier- camels could carry 600 pounds
The Silk Roads Expand: Effects
Effect 1: New Trading Cities
Grew in power and wealth because they were strategically placed along the Silk Roads
Kashgar
Located at a convergence of major routes
Built around a river, agriculture was abundant
Samarkand
Strategically located on Silk Roads
Cultural exchange occurred
Became a thriving center for Islamic scholarship and trade
Effect 2: Increased Demand
Luxury goods became in high demand, especially Chinese porcelain and silk
Production for luxury goods increased, while production in others fell, such as agriculture
Set up the stage for Proto-Industrialization in China
Began producing more goods than their own population could consume, when were then sold in distant markets
Effect 3: Cultural Diffusion
Neo-Confucianism
High moral standards of Buddhism
Veneration of ancestors
Combo of Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism
Islamic merchants spread Islam; Buddhist merchants spread Buddhism
Buddhism changed as it spread
Focused more on material things
More wealthy and worldly
Mahayana Buddhism
The Buddha as deity
Emphasis on compassion
More widely accepted
Rise of the Mongol Empire
Mongols were pastoral nomads that lived in the Gobi Desert
Temujin united various Mongol groups under him and ruled under the title Chinggis Khan
Attacked and conquered in Northern China then in Central Asia and up to Southern Russia
Died in 1227
Chingiss’s sons continued to expand until the empire reached its peak in 1279
Why did the win so many battles with inferior army
Chinggis organized his army into groups of 10,000, 1,000, 100, and 10, making controlling the groups very efficient
Mongol’s weapon of choice was a stronger, deadlier bow and arrow and they could often outride their opponents on horseback
They’re timing was also lucky, with the Song Dynasty declining and the Abbasid Empire declining
Very brutal in their takeovers, left only a few alive to warn other cities
Even though they were very cruel while expanding their empire, after taking over, the Mongols were peaceful
Resulted in a period of peace called the Pax Mongolica
Mongols adopted the norms of people over which they ruled
Kublai Khan set up a new Chinese Dynasty, namely the Yuan Dynasty
United warring factions, so Confucian Elite believed that he possessed the Mandate of Heaven to rule China
Also styled themselves as a benevolent Confucian-style ruler
Mongols and Economics
Silk Roads became more organized and prosperous under Mongol Rule
Previously, due to the Silk Roads spanning multiple states, some could be dangerous and others were safe
Now, with the entire trade route under Mongol control, only one state was responsible for keeping everyone safe and goods flowing
Improved infrastructure
Built bridges and repaired roads which facilitated trade
Increased Communications
Persian and Chinese worked together, sending skilled artisans back and forth, and exchanging ambassadors
Done through the Yam System
Far-flung parts of the empire were more friendly, which increased trade and increased the wealth of all involved
Technological & Cultural Transfers
Mongols had a high opinion of intellectuals and skilled artisans
Because it was the Mongol policy to send skilled people to all different parts of the empire, that movement encouraged the transfer of technology and ideas and culture
Medical Knowledge
Developed by ancient Greek/Islamic scholars to Western Europe
Adoption of Uyghur Script
Mongols adopted it to write their own language
Became a widely adopted imperial language in the empire
Despite their brutal rise, the Mongols facilitated many cultural transfers across many parts of Eurasia
The Indian Ocean Network Expands
Network of sea routes that connected the various states throughout Afro-Eurasia through trade
Causes of Expansion
Collapse of Mongol Empire
When Mongol Empire started falling apart, so did the safety and ease of the Silk Roads, which led to a greater emphasis on maritime trade in the Indian Ocean
Commercial Practices
Money economics and the ability to buy goods on credit made trade easier and therefore increased the use of these routes
Transportation Technologies
Magnetic Compass
Astrolabe
Used to measure stars to find out location
Lateen Sails
Knowledge of Monsoon Winds
Improvements in shipbuilding
Chinese Junk ships could hold tons of cargo
Dhows could also haul lots of cargo
Silk Roads V.S Indian Ocean
Silk Roads:
Silk
Porcelain
Luxury Goods
Indian Ocean: much easier to travel so common goods were also traded, not just luxury
Cotton Textiles
Grains
Luxury goods
Spread of Islam
Islam was friendly to Merchants
Facilitated increased trade in sea trade routes
Growth of Trade-Cities & States
Swahili City-States
Grew powerful and wealthy because they were strategically placed to benefit from the Indian Ocean trade
Built magnificent mosques and other public works to display wealth
Malacca
Since they controlled the Strait of Malacca, they got stupid rich from Indian Ocean trade by taxing ships that went through the strait
Gujarat
Midpoint between East and Southeast Asia and Africa
Because of its massive coastline and rich agricultural areas inland, they were able to trade goods like cotton textiles and indigo in exchange for gold and silver coming out of the Middle East
Diasporic Communities
Diaspora = Disperse
A group of people from one place who establish a home in another place while retaining their cultural customs
Chinese merchants established permanent communities in Southeast Asia
Arab and Persian merchants set up communities in East Africa
Became a kind of connective tissue holding the Indian Ocean Network together and increasing its scope
Cultural & Technological Transfers
Zheng He, who was commissioned by the Ming Dynasty to explore the Indian Ocean and enroll other states in China’s tributary system
Zheng He’s ships were equipped with the latest in military tech like gunpowder cannons, which was later adopted by other regions
Series of trade routes that connected North Africa and the rest of the Mediterranean world with interior of West Africa and the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa
Causes of Expansion
Transportation Technologies
Camels could last longer without water and could travel for longer
Saddles
Both for riding and for carrying more goods to trade
Caravanserai
With merchants able to travel more comfortably and carry bigger load, the Trans-Saharan network expanded larger than ever before
Trans-Saharan Goods
Gold
Kola nuts
Horses
Salt (big in demand)
Each region specialized in creating their own goods, which created the demand to trade with each other, helping with the expansion of the network
CARAVAN = GROUP OF PEOPLE TRAVELING TOGETHER
The Growth of Empires
Empire of Mali
The empire converted to Islam, allowing for ease of access into the Trans-Saharan Trade Network and all of Dar-al-Islam
Became exceedingly wealthy
Sultanate of Malacca V.S Mali
Common:
Controlled strategic points along high traffic trade routes
Grew in power and wealth
Mansa Musa
During his Hajj, he gave so much gold into Egyptian economy, the value of gold diminished, almost running the economy
Trade Networks and Diffusion
Cultural Transfers
Buddhism: India to East Asia via the Silk Roads
Buddhism also changed over time, mixing with Chinese Daoism
Syncretism between the two religions led to the formation of Chan Buddhism
Became popular in lower classes
Moved over to Japan, transforming into Zen Buddhism
Islam: Location and support for merchants made it widely accepting of all people
Inclusion into the giant Islamic network of states is what encouraged many rulers to convert their states to Islam
Swahili Civilization
Grew powerful through trade because they adopted Islam
Swahili is a mix of Bantu and Arabic
Literary and Artistic Transfers
Muslim Scholars translated and commented upon classical works of Greek and Roman philosophy at the House of Wisdom
These works would be transferred to Southern Europe where they would spark the Renaissance
Scientific and Technological Innovations
Chinese Papermaking technology spread to Europe by the 1200s along with Movable Type, which led to increased literacy
Gunpowder was also spread by the Mongols, who replicated Chinese gunpowder and used it in their conquests
Effects of Trade on Cities
Networks of exchange led to the increasing wealth and power of trading cities
Expansion of Cities
Hangzhou
Situated at southern end of Grand canal
Became one of China’s biggest trading cities
Samarkand & Kashgar
Grew in power and influence by facilitating trade along them, led to increased influence
Cities in Decline
Baghdad
Capital of Islamic cultural and artistic achievement
Mongols sacked the city in in 1258, led to the end of the Abbasid EMpire
Constantinople
Political and religious capital of Byzantine Empire
Ottomans sacked Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul
Increased Interregional Travel
Happened due to increased safety of these routes, Pax Mongolica
Ibn Battuta
Muslim scholar from Morocco
Traveled all over Dar-al-Islam
Took detailed notes about places, people, rulers, and cultures
His travels’ were important because he wrote about them, which helped his readers develop and understanding of far-flung cultures across the world
Marco Polo
Traveled from Italy to China
Traveled throughout Indian Ocean
Wrote about court of Kublai Khan and China’s grandeur and wealth
Margery Kemp
Christian mystic
Made pilgrimages to Christianity’s holy sites
Jerusalem, Rome, Spain, etc
Dictated her observations to be written down
Diffusion of Crops
New crops were being introduced to new places
Bananas
First domesticated in SE Asia
Due to Indian Ocean Trade, they were brought over to East Africa, where the lush rainforests were perfect to grow bananas
The diet expanded, which led to population growth
Bantu people could now move to places where the yam couldn’t grow as they aren’t reliant on them anymore
Champa rice
Introduced to China by the Champa Kingdom in Vietnam
Resulted in more food = more babies
Population explosion
Citrus Fruits
Introduced by Muslim traders into Europe via the Mediterranean trade routes
Diffusion of Diseases
Pax Mongolica led to increased trade and communication in Eurasia
So when the Bubonic Plague erupted in Northern China, it was quick to spread to other regions via the trade routes
In the Middle East, nearly ⅓ of the population died
In parts of Europe, it killed ½ of the population
The Silk Roads - Definition
Vast network of roads and trails that facilitated trade and the spread of culture and ideas across Eurasia in and before the period 1200-1450
Mainly luxury items that were exchanges, especially Chinese Silk
Goods Traded:
Mostly luxury goods, this made things directed to upper class and more expensive.
Silk
Gunpowder
Paper
Tea
Textiles
Compass
Porcelain
Spices
Cardamom
Cinnamon
Nutmeg
Pepper
Saffron
Ginger
Salt
The Silk Roads Expand: Causes
Supported by Empires
Controlled at some points by:
Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Abbasid Empire
Tang China
Mongol Empire
Controlled almost entire route at its height
Led to third Silk Road Golden age
Protected it
Spread the Black Plague to Europe
All these empires protected the merchants
Merchants felt safer
Trade started flourishing
Innovations in Commercial Practices
Development of money economies
Chinese pioneered this innovation
Started using paper money to facilitate trade
Merchants could deposit bills in one location and then withdraw the same amount in another location thus increasing the ease of travel and the security of transactions
Increasing use of credit
Chinese called it “Flying money”
Similar to checks, pieces of paper could be exchanged for coins in separate regions
Rise of Banks
Europe introduced banking houses
Similar to the Chinese system
Innovations in Transportation
Paper Money
Called “flying money,” was easier to carry
Facilitated trade growth
Caravanserai
Provided safety for merchants from plunderers
Became centers of cultural exchange & diffusion
Travelers could rest and trade their animals for new ones
Saddles
Introduced to make riding easier for long distances
Camel saddle- Made transportation easier- camels could carry 600 pounds
The Silk Roads Expand: Effects
Effect 1: New Trading Cities
Grew in power and wealth because they were strategically placed along the Silk Roads
Kashgar
Located at a convergence of major routes
Built around a river, agriculture was abundant
Samarkand
Strategically located on Silk Roads
Cultural exchange occurred
Became a thriving center for Islamic scholarship and trade
Effect 2: Increased Demand
Luxury goods became in high demand, especially Chinese porcelain and silk
Production for luxury goods increased, while production in others fell, such as agriculture
Set up the stage for Proto-Industrialization in China
Began producing more goods than their own population could consume, when were then sold in distant markets
Effect 3: Cultural Diffusion
Neo-Confucianism
High moral standards of Buddhism
Veneration of ancestors
Combo of Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism
Islamic merchants spread Islam; Buddhist merchants spread Buddhism
Buddhism changed as it spread
Focused more on material things
More wealthy and worldly
Mahayana Buddhism
The Buddha as deity
Emphasis on compassion
More widely accepted
Rise of the Mongol Empire
Mongols were pastoral nomads that lived in the Gobi Desert
Temujin united various Mongol groups under him and ruled under the title Chinggis Khan
Attacked and conquered in Northern China then in Central Asia and up to Southern Russia
Died in 1227
Chingiss’s sons continued to expand until the empire reached its peak in 1279
Why did the win so many battles with inferior army
Chinggis organized his army into groups of 10,000, 1,000, 100, and 10, making controlling the groups very efficient
Mongol’s weapon of choice was a stronger, deadlier bow and arrow and they could often outride their opponents on horseback
They’re timing was also lucky, with the Song Dynasty declining and the Abbasid Empire declining
Very brutal in their takeovers, left only a few alive to warn other cities
Even though they were very cruel while expanding their empire, after taking over, the Mongols were peaceful
Resulted in a period of peace called the Pax Mongolica
Mongols adopted the norms of people over which they ruled
Kublai Khan set up a new Chinese Dynasty, namely the Yuan Dynasty
United warring factions, so Confucian Elite believed that he possessed the Mandate of Heaven to rule China
Also styled themselves as a benevolent Confucian-style ruler
Mongols and Economics
Silk Roads became more organized and prosperous under Mongol Rule
Previously, due to the Silk Roads spanning multiple states, some could be dangerous and others were safe
Now, with the entire trade route under Mongol control, only one state was responsible for keeping everyone safe and goods flowing
Improved infrastructure
Built bridges and repaired roads which facilitated trade
Increased Communications
Persian and Chinese worked together, sending skilled artisans back and forth, and exchanging ambassadors
Done through the Yam System
Far-flung parts of the empire were more friendly, which increased trade and increased the wealth of all involved
Technological & Cultural Transfers
Mongols had a high opinion of intellectuals and skilled artisans
Because it was the Mongol policy to send skilled people to all different parts of the empire, that movement encouraged the transfer of technology and ideas and culture
Medical Knowledge
Developed by ancient Greek/Islamic scholars to Western Europe
Adoption of Uyghur Script
Mongols adopted it to write their own language
Became a widely adopted imperial language in the empire
Despite their brutal rise, the Mongols facilitated many cultural transfers across many parts of Eurasia
The Indian Ocean Network Expands
Network of sea routes that connected the various states throughout Afro-Eurasia through trade
Causes of Expansion
Collapse of Mongol Empire
When Mongol Empire started falling apart, so did the safety and ease of the Silk Roads, which led to a greater emphasis on maritime trade in the Indian Ocean
Commercial Practices
Money economics and the ability to buy goods on credit made trade easier and therefore increased the use of these routes
Transportation Technologies
Magnetic Compass
Astrolabe
Used to measure stars to find out location
Lateen Sails
Knowledge of Monsoon Winds
Improvements in shipbuilding
Chinese Junk ships could hold tons of cargo
Dhows could also haul lots of cargo
Silk Roads V.S Indian Ocean
Silk Roads:
Silk
Porcelain
Luxury Goods
Indian Ocean: much easier to travel so common goods were also traded, not just luxury
Cotton Textiles
Grains
Luxury goods
Spread of Islam
Islam was friendly to Merchants
Facilitated increased trade in sea trade routes
Growth of Trade-Cities & States
Swahili City-States
Grew powerful and wealthy because they were strategically placed to benefit from the Indian Ocean trade
Built magnificent mosques and other public works to display wealth
Malacca
Since they controlled the Strait of Malacca, they got stupid rich from Indian Ocean trade by taxing ships that went through the strait
Gujarat
Midpoint between East and Southeast Asia and Africa
Because of its massive coastline and rich agricultural areas inland, they were able to trade goods like cotton textiles and indigo in exchange for gold and silver coming out of the Middle East
Diasporic Communities
Diaspora = Disperse
A group of people from one place who establish a home in another place while retaining their cultural customs
Chinese merchants established permanent communities in Southeast Asia
Arab and Persian merchants set up communities in East Africa
Became a kind of connective tissue holding the Indian Ocean Network together and increasing its scope
Cultural & Technological Transfers
Zheng He, who was commissioned by the Ming Dynasty to explore the Indian Ocean and enroll other states in China’s tributary system
Zheng He’s ships were equipped with the latest in military tech like gunpowder cannons, which was later adopted by other regions
Series of trade routes that connected North Africa and the rest of the Mediterranean world with interior of West Africa and the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa
Causes of Expansion
Transportation Technologies
Camels could last longer without water and could travel for longer
Saddles
Both for riding and for carrying more goods to trade
Caravanserai
With merchants able to travel more comfortably and carry bigger load, the Trans-Saharan network expanded larger than ever before
Trans-Saharan Goods
Gold
Kola nuts
Horses
Salt (big in demand)
Each region specialized in creating their own goods, which created the demand to trade with each other, helping with the expansion of the network
CARAVAN = GROUP OF PEOPLE TRAVELING TOGETHER
The Growth of Empires
Empire of Mali
The empire converted to Islam, allowing for ease of access into the Trans-Saharan Trade Network and all of Dar-al-Islam
Became exceedingly wealthy
Sultanate of Malacca V.S Mali
Common:
Controlled strategic points along high traffic trade routes
Grew in power and wealth
Mansa Musa
During his Hajj, he gave so much gold into Egyptian economy, the value of gold diminished, almost running the economy
Trade Networks and Diffusion
Cultural Transfers
Buddhism: India to East Asia via the Silk Roads
Buddhism also changed over time, mixing with Chinese Daoism
Syncretism between the two religions led to the formation of Chan Buddhism
Became popular in lower classes
Moved over to Japan, transforming into Zen Buddhism
Islam: Location and support for merchants made it widely accepting of all people
Inclusion into the giant Islamic network of states is what encouraged many rulers to convert their states to Islam
Swahili Civilization
Grew powerful through trade because they adopted Islam
Swahili is a mix of Bantu and Arabic
Literary and Artistic Transfers
Muslim Scholars translated and commented upon classical works of Greek and Roman philosophy at the House of Wisdom
These works would be transferred to Southern Europe where they would spark the Renaissance
Scientific and Technological Innovations
Chinese Papermaking technology spread to Europe by the 1200s along with Movable Type, which led to increased literacy
Gunpowder was also spread by the Mongols, who replicated Chinese gunpowder and used it in their conquests
Effects of Trade on Cities
Networks of exchange led to the increasing wealth and power of trading cities
Expansion of Cities
Hangzhou
Situated at southern end of Grand canal
Became one of China’s biggest trading cities
Samarkand & Kashgar
Grew in power and influence by facilitating trade along them, led to increased influence
Cities in Decline
Baghdad
Capital of Islamic cultural and artistic achievement
Mongols sacked the city in in 1258, led to the end of the Abbasid EMpire
Constantinople
Political and religious capital of Byzantine Empire
Ottomans sacked Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul
Increased Interregional Travel
Happened due to increased safety of these routes, Pax Mongolica
Ibn Battuta
Muslim scholar from Morocco
Traveled all over Dar-al-Islam
Took detailed notes about places, people, rulers, and cultures
His travels’ were important because he wrote about them, which helped his readers develop and understanding of far-flung cultures across the world
Marco Polo
Traveled from Italy to China
Traveled throughout Indian Ocean
Wrote about court of Kublai Khan and China’s grandeur and wealth
Margery Kemp
Christian mystic
Made pilgrimages to Christianity’s holy sites
Jerusalem, Rome, Spain, etc
Dictated her observations to be written down
Diffusion of Crops
New crops were being introduced to new places
Bananas
First domesticated in SE Asia
Due to Indian Ocean Trade, they were brought over to East Africa, where the lush rainforests were perfect to grow bananas
The diet expanded, which led to population growth
Bantu people could now move to places where the yam couldn’t grow as they aren’t reliant on them anymore
Champa rice
Introduced to China by the Champa Kingdom in Vietnam
Resulted in more food = more babies
Population explosion
Citrus Fruits
Introduced by Muslim traders into Europe via the Mediterranean trade routes
Diffusion of Diseases
Pax Mongolica led to increased trade and communication in Eurasia
So when the Bubonic Plague erupted in Northern China, it was quick to spread to other regions via the trade routes
In the Middle East, nearly ⅓ of the population died
In parts of Europe, it killed ½ of the population