History Grade 9 Midterm Review

Chapter 5

Era of Good Feeling - peaceful time period after the way of 1812, James Monroe was President, created programs to bind nation together and rebuild the economy/society.

Nationalism - loyalty and devotion to one’s own country.

Tariff - tax on imported goods.

Revenue Tariff - tax on imports to raise money.

Protective Tariff- tax on specific imports to protect American products and manufactures.

American System - Focused on internal improvements ie. National Bank and Protective Tariffs.

James Monroe - 5th President, focused on rebuilding U.S., keeping European powers out of Western Hemisphere.

Election of 1820 - James Monroe ran unopposed, strong win with successful first term.

Tariff of 1816 - see protective tariff.

Balancing Powers - Power defined and divided between State, Local, Fed. and 3 branches of Fed. Government.

Rush-Bagot Agreement - Treaty between U.S. and U.K. demilitarizing border between U.S. and British N. America (49th Parallel).

Adams-Onis Treaty- 1819 After Jackson invades Spanish Territory, Spain ceded all of Spanish Florida and the treaty finalized the western border of the LA Purchase.

Monroe Doctrine- 1823 policy of James Monroe closing off Western hemisphere from European colonization.

Quadruple Alliance- Austria, Russia, Prussia, U.K.

Simon Bolivar- Leader of Latin America Independence Movement, supported by Monroe.

Robert Fulton- Invented steamboat, “Clermont” in 1807.

Bonus Bill- 2nd National Bank funding the East-West Road.

Cumberland Road- Federally funded, runs from Cumberland MD to Wheeling WV. Known as the “Road to the West.”

Toll House- Collection house where money was collected for travel along maintained roads.

Erie Canal- Man made canal from Buffalo to Albany NY, connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and Atlantic.

Free Enterprise- Freedom of private businesses to operate without government intervention.

Laissez Faire- Limitation of Govt. intervention in Economics.

Industrialization- innovation and growth of industries and manufacturing (Artisans to Factories).

Samuel Slater- Inventor and Engineer, built first water powered textile mill.

Francis C. Lowell- Entrepreneur, industrialist, created the Lowell method of mill factories modeled for future industry mill towns. Lowell, MA.

Skilled vs Unskilled Labor- Trade worker that require significant training vs labor/basic skill work

Labor Unions- collection of workers under the same trade, working toward better working conditions, better pay, better work hours.

Task System- organizing slave labor in which workers were given specific set of tasks to complete.

Gang System- organizing slave labor to work in groups on one task together with a slave driver to supervise all workers.

Henry Clay- last place in Election of 1824, lost to Andrew Jackson in Election of 1828, Speaker of the Senate, developed the Missouri Compromise to balance Free and Slave States in West. \n

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

-States cannot Tax Federal institutes

Gibbons v Ogden (1824)

-Only the Federal Government held the power to regulate interstate trade.

Martin v. Hunter (1816)

-The Federal Government had the authority to hear all appeals of State Courts (Supreme Court).

-March 1818, Boat carrying supplies to Ft. Scott (W. Florida) attacked by Seminols on the Apalachicola River

-Sec. Of War John C. Calhoun orders Andrew Jackson to invade W. Florida

-Jackson destroys several Native American Camps there

-The Spanish, who provided weapons, trade, and support to Natives surrendered to Jackson on May 28.

-Sec. Of State John Q. Adams negotiated with Spain to avoid war

-1823 Adams-Onis Treaty ceded Florida to the U.S. and Spain gave up its claim to Oregon Territory

Monroe Doctrine :

U.S. stands as the protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere.
No European colonization allowed in Western Hemisphere.
U.S. will stay out of European affairs.
U.S. recognizes the existing Euro. Colonies, but will support independence movements if/when they arise.

Summary: Anglo-Americans are alarmed at Russian monarchy expansionist aims by the Quad. Alliance. The U.S. and Britain propose a statement against Russian intervention in Latin America. British also included as part of Quad. Alliance and European Colonization threat.

Describe the importance of interchangeable parts to the continued growth and expansion of Transportation.

They were necessary to keep production moving, rails for train tracks, steamboats on rivers, roads maintained, and canals functioning. Mass production of parts that can be easily replaced if needed to keep production moving.

List the social classes of Southern Society.

Plantation Owners
Poor Whites/Indentured Servants
Slaves

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Provide a brief summary of Nat Turner’s slave rebellion and its outcome.

Nat Turner:

Black, slave preacher. August 21, 1831 led a rebellion in Virginia. Turner and his followers moved through Southampton County planning to capture the military arsenal. Went on a rampage for 48 hours killing white men, women, and children until they were caught and executed.

Summarize the key points of the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

Under Clay’s plan, Missouri would come into the Union as a slave state, Maine would join as a free state. All states North of the 36°30” line would come into the Union as Free States and all South of the 36°30” would come in as Slave States to keep them balanced in Congress.

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What caused the Election of 1824 to be known as the “Corrupt Bargain?”

Clay was eliminated early from the election due to having the lowest number of votes. Clay puts his support behind John Q. Adams, pushing his constituents to vote against Jackson, and Adams wins the election. In turn, Clay becomes the Secretary of State under Adams making this the “Corrupt Bargain.”

Chapter 6

References: Chapter 6 Notes, Textbook Pages 184-203, and North v. South Essay

National Republicans- supported Adams in Election of 1828, platform included property interests, national legislation, and strong central government.

Democratic Republicans- supported Jackson, represented the “common man,” in favor of limiting federal powers.

Mudslinging- malicious, untrue charges against an opponent in attempts to damage reputation.

Suffrage- Right to vote.

Spoils System- Giving people government jobs on basis of party loyalty.

Caucus System- Small group of members of political party that determine who will run for next president.

Pocket Veto- practice of killing a bill by taking no action on it and waiting for congress to adjourn.

Nullification- theory that states have the right to declare a federal law invalid.

Force Bill- 1833, Authorized President Jackson to use military to enforce acts of Congress (South Carolina, Tariffs, and the Nullification Crisis).

2nd National Bank- a bank overseen by the federal government to regulate state banks.

Pet Banks- state banks selected by the U.S. Treasury to receive surplus funds.

Specie Circular- Jackson’s coinage act of 1836, Government required payment of land in gold or silver and would not accept federal currency.

Whig Party- 1830’s, Opposed President Jackons and the Democrats. Stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and internal improvements.

Election of 1836 - Democrat Martin VanBuren defeated Whig Party candidates.

Panic of 1837- 1832, Pres. Jackson removed Federal deposits from Bank of U.S. and placed them into State Banks, causing inflation and economic crisis during Van Buren’s Presidency.

Election of 1840 - “Log Cabin Campaign” Whig William Henry Harrison, VP Candidate John Tyler won against Van Buren “Tippecanoe and Tyler too!”

Treaty of Cherokee Agency (1817) -first steps taken to divide the Cherokee Nation, not allowing the elders of Cherokee tribes to meet/communicate.

Sovereign Rights- legal rights of states to carry out official functions over the public. Also known as God Given or Human Rights. Native Americans were denied these rights.

Indian Removal Act (1830)- Authorized by Pred. Jackson, forced migration of all Native American tribes to move west of Mississippi River, occurred with Van Buren took office.

Treaty of New Echota (1835)- Cherokee Nation ceded all land possessed by the Cherokee Nation east of the Mississippi River.

Trail of Tears- Thousands of Native Americans forced by U.S. Troops from Southern U.S. to Oklahoma and Western Territories, considered genocide.

Immigration- process of entering the country to establish citizenship and begin a new life.

Potato Famine of 1845-fungus destroyed the majority of Ireland’s potato crop. With land rent must still be paid, what was left of the crop was appropriated by England for land rent leading to vast starvation and immigration movement to the U.S.

Nativism- Hostility in toward immigrants or those not born into citizenship of a nation.

Transcendentalism- religious/philosophical movement believing that society is corrupt and people should be self-reliant.

Ralph Waldo Emerson- Poet who led the Transcendentalist Movement. Published many essays on individualism and self-reliance.

Henry David Thoreau- Author, best known for his book Walden reflecting on simple living in natural surroundings.

Self-Reliance- belief that people are at their best as a person to themselves, their families, and society when they are independent in all manners of skill and ability.

Predestination- your life cycle and afterlife are already determined.

Protestant Work Ethic- Christian belief that hard work and faith would lead to better jobs, state of living, and a better society.

Brigham Young- New leader of the Mormon Church after the murder of Josiph Smith, took his followers and established the Mormon Church in the Utah Territory for safety and seclusion.

Horace Mann- U.S. Representative and Sec. of Mass. State Board of Education. Funded public education, pushed for education reform.

Dorothea Dix- Reformed mental asylums and called for better treatment of the mentally ill.

Lucretia Mott- Founded anti-slavery society, women’s rights advocate.

Fredrick Douglass- Former slave, became editor of an abolitionist newspaper in the north.

Emancipation- Freeing of all enslaved people.

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Directions: Describe the circumstances surrounding the social shaming and eventual death of Mrs. Rachel Jackson.

Mrs. Jackson was accused of having an extra-marital affair because the divorce of her first husband was not finalized before her marriage to Andrew Jackson. Rachel Jackson was the target of mudslinging and societal shaming, ruining her reputation. President Jackson believed that this lead to her early death.

Directions: Identify key variables that increased the number of voters between the Elections of 1824 and 1828.

-Expansion of Suffrage (voting rights)

-Increased numbers in citizenship due to immigration

-Lowering/eliminating property ownership as a voting qualification

-Growth of cities i.e. collective population in one place

Directions: Identify both sides of the debate on the 2nd National Bank between Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson during the Election of 1832.

Henry Clay: Pushed to extend 2nd National Bank’s charter for another 20 Years.

Andrew Jackson: Worked to kill the 2nd National Bank, believe it was corrupt monopoly only benefiting the wealthy, believed it to be unconstitutional. Congress passed the bill to extend Bank Charter, but Jackson vetoed the bill, killing off the 2nd National Bank.

Directions: Through the Federal Court Case Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, Chief Justice John C. Marshall made a statement that determined the outcome of land ownership. Please summarize the court case and analyze the outcome for the Native Americans.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia to challenge the state’s attempt of taking their land. In 1832, Chief Justice John Marshall states that Georgia Law did not apply to the Cherokee because they were a sovereign nation in and of themselves. President Jackson disagreed, the court decision was not enforced, and the Cherokee were forced to leave their lands.

Directions: List the core beliefs of the Transcendentalist Movement.

Inherent goodness of people and nature
Society and its institutions are corrupt the purity of individuals
Faith that people are at their best when independent and self-reliant

Directions: Compare and contrast the early ideals of the anti-slavery movement including Abolitionism, Colonization, and Gradualism.

Abolitionism - belief that slavery should be ablished immediately.

Colonization - send African Americans back to their ancestrial homelands in order to end slavery and racism.

Gradualism - to abolish slaery slowly over time, allowing economy/society to adjust to the change.

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Chapter 7

References: Map Activities, Research Activities, and Westward Expansion Chart.

Identify the 4 treaties listed in the chart and what each treaty stated

Treaty of Paris - 1783 set boundaries between British North America and the U.S. (49th Parallel)
Adams-Onis Treaty - 1819 Spain ceded Florida Territory to the U.S. and finalized the border of the Louisiana Territory.
Treaty of 1846 - U.S. and Great Britain signed treaty ending joint occupation of the Oregon Territory.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - 1848 Mexico ceded the Mexican Cession to the U.S.

List the 5 countries we acquired territory from and what territory it was

England - 13 Colonies, U.S. in 1783, Oregon Territory
Lone Star Republic - Texas
France - Louisiana Purchase
Spain - Spanish Florida
Mexico - Mexican Cession and Gadsden Purchase

We paid money for 3 territories, what were they and how much did we pay

Louisiana Purchase - $15 Million
Mexican Cession - $15 Million
Gadsden Purchase - $10 Million

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Directions: Identify and define key people and terms

James K. Polk- Expansionist President from 1845-1849, obtained Oregon Territory, Republic of Texas, and Mexican Cession.

Stephen Austin- Given a grant from Spain to bring American settlers into the Mexican Territory to colonize the are in the 1820’s.

Sam Houston- Soldier and Politician, leader of the Texas Revolution, won The Battle of San Jacinto. President of the Lone Star Republic.

Lewis and Clark- Sent by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory and find the NorthWest Passage (Water Route thru the West) to the Pacific.

Manifest Destiny- Belief that it was America’s right to expand westward to the Pacific Ocean.

Santa Anna- President of Mexico and Commanding General of the Mexican Army. Won The Battle of The Alamo, executed hundreds at Goliad, and surrendered at San Jacinto. Was captured by the Texas Militia.

Zebulon Pike- Army General and Explorer, sent west twice by Pres. Jefferson to explore the southern portion of Louisiana Territory. Explored portions of Colorado, discovered/names Pikes Peak.

54’40” or Fight- Campaign slogan of James K. Polk in 1844, Refers to the parallel line that split the disputed region between the U.S. and England.

Winfield Scott- U.S. General, Fought in the Mexican-American War 1846-1848, captured Mexico City.

San Jacinto- April 23, 1836: Battle of San Jacinto between Mexico and Texas Militia, Santa Anna v. Sam Houston. Mexican army, caught by surprise, quickly surrendered, Lone Star Republic gained its independence from Mexico.

The Alamo- Old Spanish Mission near San Antonio, Texas. Texans were defeated by Mexican Army 1836.

Zachary Taylor- U.S. President 1849-1850, Army General fought in Mexican-American War in 1846. Anti-Slavery views angered southerners.

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