chapter_5_learning___1_
Page 1
Copyright Information
2022 © McGraw Hill LLC
No reproduction or distribution without prior consent
Page 2: Learning Theory
Definition of Learning:
A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
Major Forms of Learning:
Behaviorism
Associative learning
Conditioning
Observational learning
Page 3: Types of Learning
Three Basic Types:
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social Learning
Page 4: Ivan Pavlov
Historical Figure:
Founder of Classical Conditioning
Notable for research on digestion and awarded Nobel Prize
Page 5: Classical Conditioning
Definition:
A learning type where one stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus.
Page 6: Components of Classical Conditioning
Key Elements:
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Page 7: Pavlov's Experiment
Before Conditioning:
US (Food) → UR (Salivation)
NS (Bell) → No Salivation
During Conditioning:
NS + US → UR
After Conditioning:
CS (Bell) → CR (Salivation)
Page 8: Pavlov’s Experiments
Overview of Pavlov’s research on classical conditioning and its foundational experiments.
Page 9: Process of Classical Conditioning
NS: Tone
UCS: Meat Powder → UCR: Salivation
After Conditioning:
CS: Tone → CR: Salivation
Page 10: Classical Conditioning Trials
Trial Definition:
Presentation of NS and US
Generally a gradual process requiring several trials, but one-trial conditioning is possible.
Page 11: Acquisition in Classical Conditioning
Definition: Initial learning of association.
Example: Personal experience associating onion breath with happiness.
Page 12: Extinction and Recovery
Extinction:
Decline of CR in absence of UCS demonstrated by Sally's cringing at the dental drill sound.
Spontaneous Recovery:
Reappearance of previously extinguished response.
Page 13: Generalization
Definition:
Responding similarly to new stimuli resembling the original stimuli.
Page 14: Discrimination
Definition:
Learning to respond differently to similar types of stimuli, such as differentiating between edible and poisonous foods.
Page 15: Conditioned Emotional Responses
Applications:
Commercial advertising
Phobias and anxiety
Page 16: John Watson's Study
Overview: Watson's famous "Little Albert" study demonstrating the principles of classical conditioning.
Page 18: Operant Conditioning Overview
Definition:
Changes the rate of a response based on the consequences that follow.
Principle of Reinforcement:
Organisms repeat behaviors that yield favorable consequences.
Page 19: Behavior and Consequences
Examples:
Tendency to patronize Elmo's Bistro increases due to rewarding stimulus (good meal).
Humor improves with positive reinforcement (friends laughing).
Page 21: Reinforcement Categories
Types of Reinforcement:
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Timing:
Immediate vs Delayed Reinforcers
Page 23: Shaping
Definition:
Reinforcement of closer approximations to a desired behavior.
Page 24: Strengthening Responses
Reinforcer Types:
Primary reinforcers: Innately satisfying
Secondary reinforcers: Learned over time
Page 25: Reinforcement Schedules
Continuous Reinforcement:
Behavior reinforced every occasion (quicker acquisition/extinction).
Partial Reinforcement:
Behavior reinforced intermittently (slower acquisition/extinction).
Page 26: Summary of Reinforcement Schedules
Fixed vs Variable
Fixed: Predictable occurrences
Variable: Unpredictable occurrences
Ratio vs Interval:
Ratio: Based on behavior repetitions
Interval: Based on time passed
Page 27: Reinforcement Types
Positive vs Negative Reinforcement:
Both strengthen responses.
Page 28: Punishment Principles
Positive Punishment: Adding an unpleasant outcome.
Negative Punishment: Taking away a pleasant outcome.
Page 29: Effective Punishment
Principles:
Immediate, clear messaging, recommend alternative behavior, consistency.
Page 30: Comparison of Reinforcement and Punishment
Differentiation of responses:
Positive reinforcement vs punishment outcomes.
Page 32: Side Effects of Punishment
Issues include inability to establish desired behaviors, escape, aggression, and learned helplessness.
Page 33: Social Learning Theory Overview
Definition: Learning via observation without direct consequences.
Page 34: Key Aspects of Social Learning
Processes:
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Page 36: Modeling and Vicarious Learning
Findings from Bobo doll studies:
Importance of observation and behavioral reproduction.
Page 37: Media Violence and Real-Life Violence
Current controversies and complexities in research findings regarding media consumption effects.
Page 38: Mirror Neurons
Definition: Neurons that activate during behavior performance or observation, linked to empathy.
Page 39: Biological Influences on Learning
Concept of biological preparedness leading to learning relevant experiences such as taste aversion.
Page 40: Instinctive Drift
Definition: Behavior pattern return to innate actions, illustrated by animal behavior research.
Page 41: Cognitive Influences on Learning
Importance of cognitive processes (thinking), focusing on Tolman's rat research revealing latent learning and cognitive maps.
Page 42: Insight
Definition: The cognitive realization of solutions leading to "aha" moments.
Page 43: Learned Helplessness
Concept: A state where individuals feel powerless due to previous experiences, linked to depression studies.