MSE 536- SP2025_Metals & Ceramics

MSE 536

• Advanced Biomaterials

• Metallic and Ceramic Biomaterials

Page 1

Page 2: Applications of Metals and Bioceramics

METALS

• Cranial Plates: Materials used include Titanium (Ti), Ti Alloys, 316L Stainless Steel, Tantalum (Ta).

• Orbit and Maxillofacial Reconstruction: Utilizes materials such as Co-Cr mesh, Ti mesh, Ti, and Ti-Al-V alloy.

• Dental Implants: Common materials used are 316L Stainless Steel, Co-Cr-Mo alloys, and various Ti alloys.

• Bone Fracture Fixation: Involves 316L Stainless Steel, Co-Cr-Mo alloys, and Ti alloys.

• Prosthetic Joints: Materials such as 316L Stainless Steel, Co-Cr-Mo alloys, and Ti alloys are used in hip, knee, shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints.

• Spinal manipulation: Harrington rods made of Co-Cr-Mo alloys and 316L Stainless Steel.

BIOCERAMICS

• Cranial Repair: Bioactive glasses like Al₂O₃ are often used.

• Dental Implants: Al₂O₃, hydroxyapatite (HA) and bioactive glasses are common materials.

• Periodontal Pocket Obliteration: Uses HA, TCP, calcium and phosphate salts, and bioactive glasses.

• Percutaneous Access Devices: Bioactive glass-ceramics and HA are utilized.

• Spinal Surgery: Bioactive glass-ceramics and HA used in disc crest repair.

• Bone Space Fillers: Use TCP and calcium phosphate salts for augmentations in orthopedic applications.

Page 3: Metallic Biomaterials

• Focus on the various types of metallic biomaterials and their applications.

Page 4: Advantages of Metals in Biomaterials

• Conductivity: Excellent electrical and thermal properties.

• Surface Oxide Layer: Enhances corrosion resistance and biocompatibility.

• High Corrosion Resistance: Key for long-term implant stability.

• Biocompatibility and Wear Resistance: Essential for implant longevity.

• Metal Alloy Development: Early development with vanadium steel for fracture plates.

• Common Metals Used: Titanium, stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, nitinol, tantalum, and magnesium.

Page 5: Metallic Bonding

• Primary Bond: Characterized by free-moving electrons leading to non-directional bonding in crystalline structure.

• Applications: Includes orthopedic implants, sensors, and medical devices due to high conductivity.

Page 6: Atomic Structure of Metals

• Amorphous vs Crystalline: Differentiates materials based on atomic order and arrangement.

Page 7: Chemical Structure of Metals

• Polycrystalline Nature: Presence of random grain orientations aiding strength.

• Deformation Behavior: Explained through the response of slip planes and grain boundaries.

Page 8: Unit Cells

• Types include Primitive (P), Face-centered (F), Body-centered (I), and Base-centered (C).

Page 9: Metallic Crystal Structures

• Densely packed structures: Face-centered cubic (FCC) and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) show high atomic packing efficiency.

Page 10: Defects in Crystal Structures

• Impurities and structural defects enhance material properties and alter mechanical behavior.

• Classification includes point defects, line defects (dislocations), and area defects (grain boundaries).

Page 11: Point Defects: Vacancies

• Vacancies are missing atoms at normal lattice sites and are common in all crystalline materials.

Page 12: Impurities in Metals

• Effects of Impurities: Creation of solid solutions and secondary phases, with either substitutional or interstitial types.

• Importance of the impurity's size and charge in forming solid solutions.

Page 13: Slip Mechanism

• Slip mechanisms and shear stress effects on dislocation movement within crystals.

Page 14: Area Defects

• Grain boundaries and their role in impeding dislocation motion in polycrystalline materials.

Page 15: Metals and Biocompatibility

• Concerns regarding corrosion and its effects on the body.

• Importance of noble metals and corrosion-resistant materials.

• Coatings such as hydroxyapatite to enhance biocompatibility.

Page 16: Metal Tolerances in the Human Body

• Normal amounts and comments on metals including iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and titanium (Ti), among others.

Page 17: Metallic Biomaterials

• Role of metals as passive substitutes for hard tissue due to their mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

Page 18: Application of Metallic Biomaterials

• Orthopedic Reconstructions: Artificial joints, fracture fixation aids.

• Maxillofacial and Cardiovascular Surgery: Includes dental implants and stents.

Page 19: Common Metals and Applications

• Overview of metals and their biomedical applications, e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys for heart valves and titanium for implants.

Page 20: Comparison of Orthopedic Metallic Implants

• Specifications compared between stainless steels, cobalt-base alloys, and titanium alloys with their respective uses, advantages, and disadvantages.

Page 21: Mechanical Properties of Metallic Biomaterials

• Mechanical property requirements based on the application, highlighting anisotropy in tissues.

Page 22: Elastic Modulus

• Comparison of modulus values across metals, indicating that titanium alloys have lower values than stainless steels and cobalt-base alloys.

Page 23: Stress Shielding

• The impact of differing elastic moduli on bone health and remodel takes place during metallic implant use.

Page 24: Fatigue Failure of Metallic Biomaterials

• Discussion on the repetitive load-bearing capacity of implants and the causes of fatigue failure.

Page 25: Failures in Metallic Biomaterials

• Examples of fractures and structural failures in various implant materials observed under microscopic examination.

Page 26: Wear of Implants

• Description of wear processes that lead to aseptic loosening and the implications of wear debris on tissue response.

Page 27: Stainless Steels

• Essential properties of stainless steels, oxidation resistance provided by chromium, and applications in various implants.

Page 28: Common Implantable Stainless Steels

• Composition breakdown of various stainless steels used in implants.

Page 29: Martensitic Stainless Steels

• Characteristics, applications, and specific alloy compositions for surgical and dental instruments.

Page 30: Ferritic Stainless Steels

• Features and applications related to strength and non-heat treatable properties.

Page 31: Austenitic Stainless Steels

• Emphasis on the biocompatibility and extensive use of 316L stainless steel for medical devices.

Page 32: 316L Stainless Steel

• Overview of its composition, antibacterial properties, and preferred fabricating methods for optimal performance.

Page 33: Nitrogen-Strengthened Stainless Steels

• Benefits, applications, and classifications of stainless steels incorporating nitrogen.

Page 34: Cobalt-Chromium Alloys

• Attributes and applications of Co-Cr alloys, including their higher strength after manufacturing.

Page 35: Cobalt-Chromium Alloys - Grades

• Overview of different grades and how they are processed and used in biomedical contexts.

Page 36: Mechanical Properties of Co-Cr Alloys

• Discussion on the excellent mechanical properties relevant to their industrial applications.

Page 37: Co-Cr Alloys - Grade ASTM F75

• Describes processing conditions affecting mechanical behavior and physical properties of this alloy grade.

Page 38: Co-Cr Alloys - Grade ASTM F799

• Details on thermomechanical processing and its performance outcomes in terms of strength.

Page 39: Co-Cr Alloys - Grade ASTM F90

• Commercial name, material enhancements, and resultant mechanical advantages are provided.

Page 40: Co-Cr Alloys - Grade ASTM F562

• Discusses exceptional qualities, processing techniques, and applications in the biomedical field.

Page 41: Titanium Alloys

• Highlights advantages such as biocompatibility and applications in joint replacements and implants.

Page 42: Chemical Composition of Ti-Alloys

• Details on the influence of impurities on mechanical properties and strength for biocompatibility.

Page 43: Mechanical Properties of Ti Alloys

• Address how thermomechanical processing can enhance properties of titanium alloys.

Page 44: Classification of Ti-Alloys

• Overview of different types of Ti alloys with specific applications based on phase behavior.

Page 45: Beta Ti-Alloys

• Discuss properties, advantages, and specific applications of beta-phase titanium alloys.

Page 46: Alpha-Beta Ti-Alloys

• Introduces widely used Ti-6Al-4V and its disadvantages and alternatives used in medical applications.

Page 47: Specific Strength of Metallic Implant Materials

• Comparison of strength per density between various metals.

Page 48: Other Metals Used As Biomaterials

• Summary of other materials like Nitinol, Tantalum, and Magnesium in biomedicine.

Page 49: Corrosion of Metallic Implants

• Compares passive behavior and corrosion resistance of titanium, cobalt-chromium alloys, and stainless steels.

Page 50: Formation of Hydroxyapatite on Ti-Alloy

• Describes the hydrogel and apatite formation that enhances biocompatibility on titanium.

Page 51: Metal-on-Metal Bearing Surfaces

• Insights into the resurgence of metal-on-metal surfaces, addressing both benefits and concerns.

Page 52: Ceramic Biomaterials

• Introduction and overview of biomaterials composed of ceramic substances.

Page 53: Charge Neutrality in Ceramics

• Criteria for stable ionically bonded ceramic structures

Page 54: Coordination Number and Ionic Radii

• Key details about the spatial arrangement of ions in ceramic materials and examples.

Page 55: Properties of Ceramics

• Understanding ceramic materials as durable, chemically resistant, and varying in atomic bonding.

Page 56: Point Defects In Ceramics

• Introduction to defects in ceramics, including Frenkel and Schottky defects.

Page 57: Bioceramics

• Application of ceramics in musculoskeletal repair, their versatile forms, and functionalities.

Page 58: Ceramic Biomaterials in Applications

• Various uses of bioceramics in medical contexts based on regenerative properties.

Page 59: Characteristics of Bioceramics

• Requirements for biocompatibility and effective integration with biological systems.

Page 60: Classifications of Bioceramics

• Various forms of bioceramics classified based on their physical composition.

Page 61: Classification of Bioceramics Based on Reactivity

• Overview of bioceramics from bioinert to biodegradable classes.

Page 62: Applications of Bioinert Ceramics

• Common applications for non-reactive ceramics in health and regenerative medicine.

Page 63: Uses of Biodegradable/Resorbable Ceramics

• Applications in regenerative medicine and for filling defects in bone structures.

Page 64: Uses of Surface-Reactive Ceramics

• Discusses various applications involving surface-reactive bioceramics in clinical settings.

Page 65: Mechanical Properties of Ceramics

• Highlights the general characteristics such as brittleness, resistance to creep, and tensile strength of ceramics.

Page 66: Thermal Properties of Ceramics

• Describes thermal resilience and low conductivity properties beneficial for specific applications.

Page 67: Degradation of Bioceramics

• Factors influencing the degradation rate of bioceramics in physiological environments.

Page 68: Silicate Glass

• Overview characteristics and applications of SiO2 based glass materials in biomaterials.

Page 69: Alumina (Al2O3)

• Properties and applications of alumina in orthopedics and dentistry, emphasizing biocompatibility.

Page 70: Surface Roughness of Alumina

• Discussion on the importance of surface characteristics affecting interactions in biological contexts.

Page 71: Zirconia (ZrO2)

• Examines phase stability and applications of stabilized zirconia in biomedical implants.

Page 72: Carbon in Biomaterials

• Types and applications of pyrolytic carbon in heart valve prostheses and other implants.

Page 73: Calcium Phosphates (CaP)

• Overview of biocompatible forms of calcium phosphates and their significance in medical use.

Page 74: Degradation Rate of CaP

• Factors and influences on the degradation rate of calcium phosphates during physiological exposure.

Page 75: Hydroxyapatite (HA)

• Describes HA's natural occurrence, applications, and activities in promoting osseointegration.

Page 76: Properties of Hydroxyapatite

• Mechanical properties and solubility features relevant for orthopedic use.

Page 77: Applications of Hydroxyapatite

• Applications involving hydroxyapatite as a coating or bone filler in various surgeries.

Page 78: Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP)

• Uses and benefits of TCP as a biodegradable ceramic in biomedical contexts.

Page 79: Bioactive Glasses

• Composition and synthesis methods of bioactive glasses along with their medical application.

Page 80: Reaction of Bioactive Glass in Physiologic Solution

• Mechanism by which bioactive glass forms a gel layer conducive to bioactivity in physiological solutions.

Page 81: Ceramic Bearings

• Overview of performance in different bearing combinations and comparisons.

Page 82: Advantages/Disadvantages of Ceramic Bearings

• Evaluates the strengths and potential limitations of ceramic bearings in medical implants.

Page 83: Reactivity of Biomaterials

• Breakdown of biomaterials into categories based on interaction with the biological environment.