MSE 536- SP2025_Metals & Ceramics
MSE 536
Advanced Biomaterials
Metallic and Ceramic Biomaterials
Page 1
Page 2: Applications of Metals and Bioceramics
METALS
Cranial Plates: Materials used include Titanium (Ti), Ti Alloys, 316L Stainless Steel, Tantalum (Ta).
Orbit and Maxillofacial Reconstruction: Utilizes materials such as Co-Cr mesh, Ti mesh, Ti, and Ti-Al-V alloy.
Dental Implants: Common materials used are 316L Stainless Steel, Co-Cr-Mo alloys, and various Ti alloys.
Bone Fracture Fixation: Involves 316L Stainless Steel, Co-Cr-Mo alloys, and Ti alloys.
Prosthetic Joints: Materials such as 316L Stainless Steel, Co-Cr-Mo alloys, and Ti alloys are used in hip, knee, shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints.
Spinal manipulation: Harrington rods made of Co-Cr-Mo alloys and 316L Stainless Steel.
BIOCERAMICS
Cranial Repair: Bioactive glasses like Al₂O₃ are often used.
Dental Implants: Al₂O₃, hydroxyapatite (HA) and bioactive glasses are common materials.
Periodontal Pocket Obliteration: Uses HA, TCP, calcium and phosphate salts, and bioactive glasses.
Percutaneous Access Devices: Bioactive glass-ceramics and HA are utilized.
Spinal Surgery: Bioactive glass-ceramics and HA used in disc crest repair.
Bone Space Fillers: Use TCP and calcium phosphate salts for augmentations in orthopedic applications.
Page 3: Metallic Biomaterials
Focus on the various types of metallic biomaterials and their applications.
Page 4: Advantages of Metals in Biomaterials
Conductivity: Excellent electrical and thermal properties.
Surface Oxide Layer: Enhances corrosion resistance and biocompatibility.
High Corrosion Resistance: Key for long-term implant stability.
Biocompatibility and Wear Resistance: Essential for implant longevity.
Metal Alloy Development: Early development with vanadium steel for fracture plates.
Common Metals Used: Titanium, stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, nitinol, tantalum, and magnesium.
Page 5: Metallic Bonding
Primary Bond: Characterized by free-moving electrons leading to non-directional bonding in crystalline structure.
Applications: Includes orthopedic implants, sensors, and medical devices due to high conductivity.
Page 6: Atomic Structure of Metals
Amorphous vs Crystalline: Differentiates materials based on atomic order and arrangement.
Page 7: Chemical Structure of Metals
Polycrystalline Nature: Presence of random grain orientations aiding strength.
Deformation Behavior: Explained through the response of slip planes and grain boundaries.
Page 8: Unit Cells
Types include Primitive (P), Face-centered (F), Body-centered (I), and Base-centered (C).
Page 9: Metallic Crystal Structures
Densely packed structures: Face-centered cubic (FCC) and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) show high atomic packing efficiency.
Page 10: Defects in Crystal Structures
Impurities and structural defects enhance material properties and alter mechanical behavior.
Classification includes point defects, line defects (dislocations), and area defects (grain boundaries).
Page 11: Point Defects: Vacancies
Vacancies are missing atoms at normal lattice sites and are common in all crystalline materials.
Page 12: Impurities in Metals
Effects of Impurities: Creation of solid solutions and secondary phases, with either substitutional or interstitial types.
Importance of the impurity's size and charge in forming solid solutions.
Page 13: Slip Mechanism
Slip mechanisms and shear stress effects on dislocation movement within crystals.
Page 14: Area Defects
Grain boundaries and their role in impeding dislocation motion in polycrystalline materials.
Page 15: Metals and Biocompatibility
Concerns regarding corrosion and its effects on the body.
Importance of noble metals and corrosion-resistant materials.
Coatings such as hydroxyapatite to enhance biocompatibility.
Page 16: Metal Tolerances in the Human Body
Normal amounts and comments on metals including iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and titanium (Ti), among others.
Page 17: Metallic Biomaterials
Role of metals as passive substitutes for hard tissue due to their mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
Page 18: Application of Metallic Biomaterials
Orthopedic Reconstructions: Artificial joints, fracture fixation aids.
Maxillofacial and Cardiovascular Surgery: Includes dental implants and stents.
Page 19: Common Metals and Applications
Overview of metals and their biomedical applications, e.g., cobalt-chromium alloys for heart valves and titanium for implants.
Page 20: Comparison of Orthopedic Metallic Implants
Specifications compared between stainless steels, cobalt-base alloys, and titanium alloys with their respective uses, advantages, and disadvantages.
Page 21: Mechanical Properties of Metallic Biomaterials
Mechanical property requirements based on the application, highlighting anisotropy in tissues.
Page 22: Elastic Modulus
Comparison of modulus values across metals, indicating that titanium alloys have lower values than stainless steels and cobalt-base alloys.
Page 23: Stress Shielding
The impact of differing elastic moduli on bone health and remodel takes place during metallic implant use.
Page 24: Fatigue Failure of Metallic Biomaterials
Discussion on the repetitive load-bearing capacity of implants and the causes of fatigue failure.
Page 25: Failures in Metallic Biomaterials
Examples of fractures and structural failures in various implant materials observed under microscopic examination.
Page 26: Wear of Implants
Description of wear processes that lead to aseptic loosening and the implications of wear debris on tissue response.
Page 27: Stainless Steels
Essential properties of stainless steels, oxidation resistance provided by chromium, and applications in various implants.
Page 28: Common Implantable Stainless Steels
Composition breakdown of various stainless steels used in implants.
Page 29: Martensitic Stainless Steels
Characteristics, applications, and specific alloy compositions for surgical and dental instruments.
Page 30: Ferritic Stainless Steels
Features and applications related to strength and non-heat treatable properties.
Page 31: Austenitic Stainless Steels
Emphasis on the biocompatibility and extensive use of 316L stainless steel for medical devices.
Page 32: 316L Stainless Steel
Overview of its composition, antibacterial properties, and preferred fabricating methods for optimal performance.
Page 33: Nitrogen-Strengthened Stainless Steels
Benefits, applications, and classifications of stainless steels incorporating nitrogen.
Page 34: Cobalt-Chromium Alloys
Attributes and applications of Co-Cr alloys, including their higher strength after manufacturing.
Page 35: Cobalt-Chromium Alloys - Grades
Overview of different grades and how they are processed and used in biomedical contexts.
Page 36: Mechanical Properties of Co-Cr Alloys
Discussion on the excellent mechanical properties relevant to their industrial applications.
Page 37: Co-Cr Alloys - Grade ASTM F75
Describes processing conditions affecting mechanical behavior and physical properties of this alloy grade.
Page 38: Co-Cr Alloys - Grade ASTM F799
Details on thermomechanical processing and its performance outcomes in terms of strength.
Page 39: Co-Cr Alloys - Grade ASTM F90
Commercial name, material enhancements, and resultant mechanical advantages are provided.
Page 40: Co-Cr Alloys - Grade ASTM F562
Discusses exceptional qualities, processing techniques, and applications in the biomedical field.
Page 41: Titanium Alloys
Highlights advantages such as biocompatibility and applications in joint replacements and implants.
Page 42: Chemical Composition of Ti-Alloys
Details on the influence of impurities on mechanical properties and strength for biocompatibility.
Page 43: Mechanical Properties of Ti Alloys
Address how thermomechanical processing can enhance properties of titanium alloys.
Page 44: Classification of Ti-Alloys
Overview of different types of Ti alloys with specific applications based on phase behavior.
Page 45: Beta Ti-Alloys
Discuss properties, advantages, and specific applications of beta-phase titanium alloys.
Page 46: Alpha-Beta Ti-Alloys
Introduces widely used Ti-6Al-4V and its disadvantages and alternatives used in medical applications.
Page 47: Specific Strength of Metallic Implant Materials
Comparison of strength per density between various metals.
Page 48: Other Metals Used As Biomaterials
Summary of other materials like Nitinol, Tantalum, and Magnesium in biomedicine.
Page 49: Corrosion of Metallic Implants
Compares passive behavior and corrosion resistance of titanium, cobalt-chromium alloys, and stainless steels.
Page 50: Formation of Hydroxyapatite on Ti-Alloy
Describes the hydrogel and apatite formation that enhances biocompatibility on titanium.
Page 51: Metal-on-Metal Bearing Surfaces
Insights into the resurgence of metal-on-metal surfaces, addressing both benefits and concerns.
Page 52: Ceramic Biomaterials
Introduction and overview of biomaterials composed of ceramic substances.
Page 53: Charge Neutrality in Ceramics
Criteria for stable ionically bonded ceramic structures
Page 54: Coordination Number and Ionic Radii
Key details about the spatial arrangement of ions in ceramic materials and examples.
Page 55: Properties of Ceramics
Understanding ceramic materials as durable, chemically resistant, and varying in atomic bonding.
Page 56: Point Defects In Ceramics
Introduction to defects in ceramics, including Frenkel and Schottky defects.
Page 57: Bioceramics
Application of ceramics in musculoskeletal repair, their versatile forms, and functionalities.
Page 58: Ceramic Biomaterials in Applications
Various uses of bioceramics in medical contexts based on regenerative properties.
Page 59: Characteristics of Bioceramics
Requirements for biocompatibility and effective integration with biological systems.
Page 60: Classifications of Bioceramics
Various forms of bioceramics classified based on their physical composition.
Page 61: Classification of Bioceramics Based on Reactivity
Overview of bioceramics from bioinert to biodegradable classes.
Page 62: Applications of Bioinert Ceramics
Common applications for non-reactive ceramics in health and regenerative medicine.
Page 63: Uses of Biodegradable/Resorbable Ceramics
Applications in regenerative medicine and for filling defects in bone structures.
Page 64: Uses of Surface-Reactive Ceramics
Discusses various applications involving surface-reactive bioceramics in clinical settings.
Page 65: Mechanical Properties of Ceramics
Highlights the general characteristics such as brittleness, resistance to creep, and tensile strength of ceramics.
Page 66: Thermal Properties of Ceramics
Describes thermal resilience and low conductivity properties beneficial for specific applications.
Page 67: Degradation of Bioceramics
Factors influencing the degradation rate of bioceramics in physiological environments.
Page 68: Silicate Glass
Overview characteristics and applications of SiO2 based glass materials in biomaterials.
Page 69: Alumina (Al2O3)
Properties and applications of alumina in orthopedics and dentistry, emphasizing biocompatibility.
Page 70: Surface Roughness of Alumina
Discussion on the importance of surface characteristics affecting interactions in biological contexts.
Page 71: Zirconia (ZrO2)
Examines phase stability and applications of stabilized zirconia in biomedical implants.
Page 72: Carbon in Biomaterials
Types and applications of pyrolytic carbon in heart valve prostheses and other implants.
Page 73: Calcium Phosphates (CaP)
Overview of biocompatible forms of calcium phosphates and their significance in medical use.
Page 74: Degradation Rate of CaP
Factors and influences on the degradation rate of calcium phosphates during physiological exposure.
Page 75: Hydroxyapatite (HA)
Describes HA's natural occurrence, applications, and activities in promoting osseointegration.
Page 76: Properties of Hydroxyapatite
Mechanical properties and solubility features relevant for orthopedic use.
Page 77: Applications of Hydroxyapatite
Applications involving hydroxyapatite as a coating or bone filler in various surgeries.
Page 78: Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP)
Uses and benefits of TCP as a biodegradable ceramic in biomedical contexts.
Page 79: Bioactive Glasses
Composition and synthesis methods of bioactive glasses along with their medical application.
Page 80: Reaction of Bioactive Glass in Physiologic Solution
Mechanism by which bioactive glass forms a gel layer conducive to bioactivity in physiological solutions.
Page 81: Ceramic Bearings
Overview of performance in different bearing combinations and comparisons.
Page 82: Advantages/Disadvantages of Ceramic Bearings
Evaluates the strengths and potential limitations of ceramic bearings in medical implants.
Page 83: Reactivity of Biomaterials
Breakdown of biomaterials into categories based on interaction with the biological environment.