final notes

Which bone articulates with the mandible?
The temporal bone articulates with the mandible at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Which is the only moveable bone in the skull?
The mandible is the only moveable bone in the skull.

What is the function of the glenoid fossa, and which bone is it attached to?
The glenoid fossa, located in the temporal bone, is the socket for the mandible. It allows jaw movement.

What are the parts of the ramus?
The ramus consists of the vertical part of the mandible, including the coronoid process, condylar process, and the mandibular notch.

What are the features of the alveolar process?
The alveolar process is the bone that surrounds and supports the tooth roots. It contains sockets for tooth attachment.

Describe the features and function of the TMJ.
The TMJ connects the mandible to the temporal bone, allowing for jaw movement essential for chewing, speaking, and facial expressions.

Enamel
Hard outer layer, protects the tooth.

Dentin
Softer layer, supports the enamel, and carries sensations.

Pulp
Contains nerves and blood vessels, providing nourishment.

Cementum
Covers the root, helping anchor the tooth.

Describe the vasculation and innervation of the tooth. How do blood vessels and nerves enter the tooth?
Blood vessels and nerves enter the tooth through the root canal, nourishing the tooth and allowing sensation.

Which tissues surround and attach the tooth to its socket?
The periodontal ligament surrounds and attaches the tooth to the alveolar bone (socket).

What is the name of the socket?
The socket is called the alveolus.

Class I decay
Cavities in pits and fissures.

Class II decay
Cavities in the proximal surface of posterior teeth

Class III decay
Cavities on the proximal surfaces of anterior teeth

Class IV decay
Cavities on the proximal surface of anterior teeth with incisal edges

Class V decay
Cavities on the gingival third of any tooth

Class VI decay
Cavities on the incisal edge or cusp tips

What are the different kinds of burs used to prepare teeth, and why?
Coarse burs are used for general tooth reduction, especially on axial and occlusal surfaces. Fine finishing burs are used for shaping the shoulder margins to ensure smooth edges. The choice depends on the area being worked on and the level of detail needed for the restoration.

What are the different types of margins, and how do you recognize good ones?
Different margins include knife-edge, bevel-chamfer, chamfer, and shoulder. Good margins are well-defined and clearly visible with proper tissue retraction. Knife-edge is for less tooth reduction, chamfer for a better fit, and shoulder for a tight fit with layered restorations. A good margin ensures the restoration fits well without gaps.

How are light and heavy bodies used in impressions? What is the purpose of a light body and a heavy body?
Light body material is used to capture fine details, while heavy body is used to provide support and make the impression more rigid.

Identify impression materials and their applications.
Alginate: Common for preliminary impressions.
Polyvinyl siloxane (PVS): High-detail, stable for crowns and bridges.

Be prepared to identify types of trays, including by size and location.

• Stock trays: Standard size, disposable.

• Custom trays: Made for individual patients for better fit.

Explain the use of retraction cord(s).
Retraction cords are placed around the tooth to push the gum tissue away, creating space for impressions

Dental stone ratio.
Dental stone typically uses 30 ml of water per 100g of powder. Its stronger

Dental stone ratio.
Die stone uses 22 ml of water per 100g of powder for a denser mix.

Correctly identify the application of dental and die stone.

• Dental stone: For creating study models and casts.

• Die stone: Used for precise, durable models for crowns and bridges.

Beading and Boxing
The technique used in dental impressions is to preserve the entry border.
Beading = adding a thin layer of wax to define impression shape
Boxing = Making a wall of wax to hold the denture material in place.

Sticky Wax
Wax use to bond pieces together during the denture process

Baseplate Wax
The wax is used to form the foundation of a denture and establishes the shape and size of the denture.

Inlay Wax
Wax used to create molds for inlay restorations.

What is a PFM?
A PFM (porcelain-fused-to-metal) crown is a type of dental restoration that combines a metal base with a porcelain outer layer for strength.

What is a full cast crown?
A full cast crown is a dental restoration made entirely of metal, providing durability and strength, typically used for posterior teeth.

What is the difference between a solid model and a removable die?
A solid model is a full replica of the tooth and surrounding structures, while a removable die is a part of the model that can be detached to allow for easier restoration work.

What is the purpose of a removable die model?
A removable die model allows the dentist to work on individual teeth or restorations without removing the entire model.

What is the difference between a prep and a die?
A prep is a tooth that has been shaped and prepared for restoration, while a die is the replica of the prepared tooth used to create the restoration.

What is the difference between direct and indirect restorations?
Direct restorations are placed and shaped directly in the mouth (e.g., composite fillings), while indirect restorations are fabricated outside the mouth and then bonded to the tooth (e.g., crowns, bridges).

Define pathogen
A microorganism that causes disease.

Define reservoir
the environment where a pathogen lives

Define portal of exit
How a pathogen leaves the hose

Define Portal of entry
How the pathogen entered another host

Define transmission
How a pathogen is spread

Identify the basis for Universal Precautions.
Universal Precautions are based on the principle that all blood and bodily fluids are potentially infectious and should be treated with the same level of care and protection.


Define blood-borne pathogens.
A blood-borne pathogen is a microorganism found in blood that can cause disease, such as HIV or Hepatitis B.

Identify application of PPE - what to use and when.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes gloves, masks, eye protection, and gowns, and is used during patient care to prevent exposure to infectious materials.