Brinkley Reconstruction

1. Freedmen’s Bureau  

   - Helped freed slaves and poor whites in the South with food, jobs, and education.

2. Radical Reconstruction Plan  

   - Strict policies for the South, including civil rights for freedmen and military rule.

3. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan  

   - Let Southern states rejoin the Union if 10% of voters swore loyalty.

4. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan  

   - Similar to Lincoln's, but too lenient on the South and didn’t protect freedmen.

5. Congressional Reconstruction Plan  

   - Congress took control, enforcing civil rights and military rule in the South.

6. John Wilkes Booth  

   - Assassinated President Lincoln in 1865.

7. Black Codes  

   - Laws limiting the rights of African Americans in the South after the Civil War.

8. Civil Rights Act  

   - Law granting equal rights to African Americans, overriding Black Codes.

9. 13th Amendment  

   - Abolished slavery in the U.S.

10. 14th Amendment  

    - Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all born in the U.S.

11. 15th Amendment  

    - Gave African American men the right to vote.

12. Tenure of Office Act  

    - Limited the president's power to remove officials without Senate approval.

13. Command of the Army Act  

    - Restricted the president’s control over the military.

14. Scalawags  

    - Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party.

15. Carpetbaggers  

    - Northern whites who moved to the South after the Civil War for economic opportunities.

16. Sharecropper  

    - Poor farmers who worked land owned by others in exchange for a share of the crops.

17. Crop-lien System  

    - A credit system that trapped farmers in debt to landowners and merchants.

18. Liberal Republicans  

    - Republicans who wanted civil service reform and opposed corruption in government.

19. Credit Mobilier Scandal  

    - A corruption scandal involving railroad companies and government officials.

20. Grantism  

    - Political corruption during Ulysses S. Grant’s presidency.

21. Panic of 1873  

    - Economic depression caused by over-speculation and bank failures.

22. Seward’s Folly  

    - The U.S. purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, initially criticized as wasteful.

23. Ku Klux Klan  

    - A white supremacist group that used violence to oppose Reconstruction and intimidate African Americans.

24. Enforcement Acts  

    - Laws to protect African Americans from Klan violence and ensure voting rights.

25. Rutherford B. Hayes  

    - 19th U.S. president who ended Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South.

26. Samuel Tilden  

    - Democratic candidate in the 1876 election, won the popular vote but lost after a disputed result.

27. Solid Democratic South  

    - The South became solidly Democratic after Reconstruction, rejecting Republican policies.

28. Bourbon Government  

    - Conservative Southern Democrats who took control after Reconstruction.

29. Redeemers  

    - Southern Democrats who worked to end Reconstruction and restore white supremacy.

30. Home Rule  

    - Southern states gaining control over their own governments after Reconstruction.

31. New South  

    - The idea of a modernized South focused on industrialization and economic change.

32. Booker T. Washington  

    - African American leader who advocated for vocational education and economic self-reliance.

33. Atlanta Compromise  

    - Booker T. Washington’s speech promoting vocational training for blacks while accepting segregation.

34. 1877  

    - The year Reconstruction officially ended with the Hayes-Tilden compromise.

35. Civil Rights Cases of 1883  

    - Supreme Court ruling that allowed segregation in private facilities.

36. Plessy v. Ferguson  

    - Supreme Court case that legalized segregation under “separate but equal” doctrine.

37. Cumming v. County Board  

    - Supreme Court ruling that allowed the closure of black schools while maintaining white schools.

38. Disenfranchisement  

    - Denying African Americans the right to vote, often through laws like literacy tests and poll taxes.

39. Poll Tax  

    - A tax imposed on voters to prevent African Americans from voting.

40. Literacy Test  

    - A test given to voters to restrict voting rights, especially for African Americans.

41. Jim Crow Laws  

    - State laws that enforced racial segregation in the South.

42. Lynching  

    - The extrajudicial killing of African Americans, often by hanging, to enforce racial control.

43. Ida B. Wells  

    - African American journalist who campaigned against lynching and for civil rights.