exam 7 part 2

Term 1: What is the main goal of probability sampling in research?
Definition 1: To ensure a representative sample

Term 2: Larger sample sizes generally reduce sampling error. (True/False)
Definition 2: True

Term 3: Briefly explain the difference between simple random sampling and stratified random sampling.
Definition 3: Simple random sampling gives every individual an equal chance of being selected. Stratified random sampling divides the population into subgroups and selects participants from each subgroup.

Term 4: Which of the following is an example of descriptive research?
a) Testing the effects of sleep deprivation
b) Observing study habits of college students
c) Conducting a drug trial
d) Testing the influence of caffeine on memory
Definition 4: b) Observing study habits of college students

Term 5: Informed consent is required in all studies involving human participants. (True/False)
Definition 5: False

Term 6: What are two potential ethical concerns researchers must consider when designing a study?
Definition 6: Informed consent and confidentiality

Term 7: A positive correlation means:
a) As one variable increases, the other decreases
b) The two variables are unrelated
c) As one variable increases, the other also increases
d) As one variable decreases, the other increases
Definition 7: c) As one variable increases, the other also increases

Term 8: Correlational research can determine the cause of a relationship between two variables. (True/False)
Definition 8: False

Term 9: Describe the difference between a positive and negative correlation.
Definition 9: A positive correlation means both variables increase together; a negative correlation means as one increases, the other decreases.

Term 10: What is one key feature of an experiment?
a) It always includes a large sample size
b) It manipulates at least one independent variable
c) It does not require a control group
d) It always measures multiple dependent variables
Definition 10: b) It manipulates at least one independent variable

Term 11: Random assignment is crucial for ensuring that groups are equivalent at the start of an experiment. (True/False)
Definition 11: True

Term 12: What are the three essential ingredients of an experiment?
Definition 12: Manipulation of the independent variable, random assignment, control of extraneous variables

Term 13: In a 2x3 factorial design, how many independent variables are there?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 5
d) 6
Definition 13: a) 2

Term 14: In a factorial design, interaction effects occur when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another independent variable. (True/False)
Definition 14: True

Term 15: What is the difference between a main effect and an interaction effect?
Definition 15: A main effect is the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable, while an interaction effect occurs when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another.

Term 16: Which of the following is NOT a potential cost in the cost-benefit analysis conducted by an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
a) Time and effort required from participants
b) Potential psychological harm to participants
c) Improvement in future research techniques
d) Violation of participants’ confidentiality
Definition 16: c) Improvement in future research techniques

Term 17: Deception in research can never be justified, regardless of the study's potential benefits. (True/False)
Definition 17: False

Term 18: List two conditions under which researchers can use deception in their studies.
Definition 18: If the study has significant scientific value and the deception does not harm the participants.

Term 19: What is sampling error?
Definition 19: The difference between the characteristics of the sample and the characteristics of the population from which it was drawn​.

Term 20: What is the main purpose of control groups in experimental research?
Definition 20: Control groups are used to compare results with the experimental group to see if the independent variable had an effect​.

Term 21: What does external validity refer to in an experiment?
Definition 21: The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, or times​.

Term 22: Define a within-subjects design in an experiment.
Definition 22: A design in which the same participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable​.

Term 23: What is internal validity?
Definition 23: The degree to which a researcher can confidently say that changes in the dependent variable were caused by the independent variable​.

Term 24: What is pretest-posttest design?
Definition 24: A design where participants are tested on the dependent variable before and after the experimental manipulation​.

Term 25: What does the term error bars represent in a graph?
Definition 25: Error bars represent confidence intervals, showing the range in which the true population mean is likely to fall​.

Term 26: What is the coefficient of determination (r²)?
Definition 26: The proportion of variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable​.

Term 27: In correlational research, what does an r value of -1.00 indicate?
Definition 27: A perfect negative correlation, meaning as one variable increases, the other decreases in a perfectly linear manner​.

Term 28: What are main effects in a factorial design?
Definition 28: The effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable, ignoring other independent variables​.

Term 29: What are interaction effects in a factorial design?
Definition 29: The effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable depends on the level of another independent variable​.

Term 30: What does counterbalancing help control in a within-subjects design?
Definition 30: Counterbalancing helps control for order effects like practice or fatigue effects​.

Term 31: What is placebo effect in an experimental study?
Definition 31: A change in participants' behavior due to their belief that they are receiving a treatment, rather than the treatment itself​.

Term 32: What is the difference between matched random assignment and simple random assignment?
Definition 32: In matched random assignment, participants are first grouped based on a variable, then randomly assigned to conditions, while simple random assignment involves purely random placement​.

Term 33: Define systematic variance.
Definition 33: Variance in a dependent variable that is accounted for by the independent variable​.

Term 34: What is minimal risk in ethical research?
Definition 34: The risk of harm that is no greater than what people ordinarily encounter in daily life​​.

Term 35: What is a confederate in experimental research?
Definition 35: A person who is secretly working with the researcher and appears to be a participant or bystander​.

Term 1: What is the main difference between probability and nonprobability samples?
Definition 1:
a) In a probability sample, the researcher can determine the likelihood that a member of the population will be included in the sample, whereas that likelihood cannot be determined in a nonprobability sample

Term 2: In which of the following instances might the error of estimation be lowest?
Definition 2:
b) The sample is large

Term 3: In order to form a simple random sample, you first need a list of all the members in the population. This list is called the:
Definition 3:
b) Sampling frame

Term 4: I am conducting a study on the effects of standardized testing (SOLs) on third graders in Virginia. I first randomly select 20 counties in the state, then randomly select 2 elementary schools from each of those counties. I then randomly select 2 third grade teachers in each of those schools to survey about their observations of standardized testing. Which sampling method am I using?
Definition 4:
c) Multistage cluster sampling

Term 5: I am interested in investigating why VCU students choose to use the elevator instead of stairs in a two-story building on campus. I survey every 5th student who rides the elevator. Which sampling method am I using?
Definition 5:
c) Systematic sampling

Term 6: I conduct a study on VCU students, but, when describing my results, I state that these findings apply to all emerging adults (e.g., people between the ages of 18 to 29). Which best describes the error that I am committing?
Definition 6:
c) Misgeneralization

Term 7: I want to study aggression in Veterans with combat-related PTSD. I sample only Veterans from the local VA psychiatric clinic. Which of the following best describes my sample?
Definition 7:
c) Convenience

Term 8: Why are purposive samples generally discouraged in psychological research?
Definition 8:
c) They rely on the researcher’s judgment and may not be representative

Term 9: In deciding sample size, researchers take ______ into consideration.
Definition 9:
d) Power

Term 10: Power refers to the likelihood of _________.
Definition 10:
d) Detecting effects that really do exist

Term 11: The Stall Seat Journal, which provides statistics about the prevalence of alcohol use, vaping, and other health-related behaviors among VCU students, is an example of _____ research.
Definition 11:
b) Descriptive

Term 12: I would like to investigate the characteristics of the students who enroll in PSYC 340: Introduction to the Helping Relationship. I sample students from my current classes and ask them why they chose to enroll. This is an example of _____ research.
Definition 12:
a) Cross-sectional

Term 13: Spit for Science, a project that involves collecting data from the same sample of students each year that they attend college (and for several years after!), is an example of _____ research.
Definition 13:
a) Longitudinal

Term 14: I would like to know how graduating seniors feel about entering the “real world,” and whether this viewpoint changes over time. Each year for 20 years, I randomly sample graduating seniors and ask them the same question, “What is your biggest fear about post-graduate life?” This is an example of ______.
Definition 14:
b) Successive independent samples

Term 15: It is estimated that, in the United States, approximately 25,000 people are living with a rare bone condition called Osteogenesis Imperfecta. This number represents the _____ of the disease.
Definition 15:
c) Prevalence

Term 16: Dr. Strong is advocating to get rid of his university’s IRB. He states that every researcher should decide for themselves whether their research is ethical. Dr. Strong approaches research questions using the _______ viewpoint.
Definition 16:
a) Ethical skepticism

Term 17: The panel of individuals who review research conducted at a university, hospital, or other facility to ensure that the research is conducted ethically is called a(n):
Definition 17:
b) Institutional review board

Term 18: Which of the following aspects of research would an IRB NOT be concerned with?
Definition 18:
d) Whether the research team will likely work well together

Term 19: Which of the following is TRUE regarding informed consent?
Definition 19:
c) Informed consent may be waived as long as the study poses no more than minimal risk to participants

Term 20: You want to observe how couples argue. You bribe the RA of a local dorm to sneak you into the dorm rooms of students who have significant others and install hidden cameras to capture potential arguments. This study may be considered...
Definition 20:
d) Invasion of privacy

Term 21: A research study seemingly involves two participants solving a puzzle together. In reality, one of the participants is actually a member of the research team, and they are trying to investigate how the participant reacts when the confederate sabotages the puzzle. This is an example of:
Definition 21:
d) Deception

Term 22: The best way to ensure ______ is to keep participants’ data anonymous.
Definition 22:
c) Confidentiality

Term 23: Which of the following is NOT considered a vulnerable population according to federal research laws?
Definition 23:
b) Educators

Term 24: According to federal laws, research that involves causing pain to animals can only be conducted if...
Definition 24:
a) It can be conducted in no other way

Term 25: “Peer review” refers to the process of:
Definition 25:
a) Experts in the field reviewing papers and deciding whether or not they should be published in scientific journals

Term 26: You find a strong, negative correlation between use of social media and self-esteem. Which of the following statements BEST describes your conclusion?
Definition 26:
d) Use of social media is associated with lower self-esteem

Term 27: Dr. Leslie Knope finds a moderate, negative correlation between number of salads eaten and happiness. Which best describes her findings?
Definition 27:
a) As the number of salads eaten increases, happiness decreases

Term 28: A research paper states, “Marijuana consumption and grades were correlated, r = -.54.” This indicates a:
Definition 28:
a) Moderate negative correlation: higher marijuana consumption is associated with lower grades

Term 29: A research paper states, “There was a strong correlation between ice cream eaten and happiness, in which greater ice cream consumed was associated with increased happiness.” Which correlation coefficient is most likely to represent this scenario?
Definition 29:
b) r = .67

Term 30: You find a correlation between protein consumed and satiety (feelings of fullness) of .37. Which of the following statements is true?
Definition 30:
a) 13.7% of the variability in satiety is attributed to protein consumed

Term 31: Which of the following is TRUE about statistical significance?
Definition 31:
c) Statistical significance represents the likelihood that a correlation coefficient calculated on a sample might actually be zero in the population

Term 32: Although total scores on my depression scale can range from 0-100, scores in my healthy (i.e., not depressed) sample only range from 0-30. This may indicate which of the following factors that can distort correlation coefficients?
Definition 32:
a) Restriction of range

Term 33: I would like to see if there is a correlation between gender (coded as men vs. women) and soda preference (coded as Pepsi vs. Coke). Which of the following correlation coefficients should I use?
Definition 33:
d)

Term 34: I would like to see if there is a correlation between pet preference (coded as dog lovers vs. cat lovers) and income. Which of the following correlation coefficients should I use?
Definition 34:
a) Point biserial coefficient

Term 35: Which of the following is NOT one of the three ingredients of an experiment?
Definition 35:
a) All variables measured must be on an interval/ratio scale of measurement

Term 36: I am testing whether my new drug, Morgana, improves time management skills in college students. I divide my sample into groups - Group A receives a sugar pill, Group B receives 10mg of the drug, and Group C receives 20mg of the drug. Which of the following is the dependent variable in this study?
Definition 36:
d) Time management skills

Term 37: I am examining whether a phone ban improves class participation in PSYC 317. For one week, the TA’s observe how many students participate without changing any of the class policies. The following week, all phones are banned from the classroom, and the TA’s again observe how many students participate.