CJ

Chapter 8 & Chapter 9 Notes: School-Age and Adolescent Health Promotion

Chapter 8: Health Promotion for the School-Age Child

  • Growth and Development: Middle childhood (6 ext{--}12 ext{ years}) characterized by slow physical, rapid cognitive and social development. It's one of the healthiest periods, with the child's world expanding from family to peers.

  • Physical Growth: Average weight gain is 2.5 \text{ kg/year}; muscle mass increases, and brain size is complete by 10 \text{ years}. Primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent teeth starting around age 6.

  • Sexual Development: Puberty onset varies and is occurring earlier; sex education should cover basic anatomy, bodily functions, expected changes, reproduction, and STIs.

  • Motor Development: Focuses on gross motor skills, active and organized play (like team sports); parents should prevent fatigue and dehydration.

  • Cognitive Development: Transitions from intuitive thought (6 ext{--}7 ext{ years}) (egocentrism, animism, centration) to concrete operations (7 ext{--}8 ext{ years}), allowing for understanding of others' viewpoints, conservation, and logic.

  • School-Aged Development: Erikson's industry vs. inferiority (developing pride/belonging), Kohlberg's moral development (obeying rules), and Piaget's cognitive shift to concrete operations (cause and effect).

  • Sleep and Rest: Requirements decrease with age; 6 ext{--}7 ext{ year olds} need 12 ext{ hours} and 12 ext{ year olds} need 9 ext{--}10 ext{ hours}. Promote sleep through routines and no screen time before bed.

  • Discipline & Safety: Children develop a strong sense of justice aided by clear rules and logical consequences. Unintentional injury is the leading cause of death, emphasizing car, water, fire, bicycle, and pedestrian safety.

  • Obesity: Defined as \text{BMI} > P_{95} percentile; it's a key health issue influenced by genetic, cultural, behavioral, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. Prevention involves identifying risk factors and interventions like not using food as a reward, establishing meal/snack times, offering healthy options, being a role model, and encouraging physical activity.

  • Stress: Sources include school, sports, tight schedules, family, media, and fear of violence. Manifestations include moodiness, irritability, fatigue, poor concentration, changes in habits, and physical complaints.

  • Peer Victimization (Bullying): A key health issue that can lead to emotional problems for both the bully and victim, exacerbated by social media.

Chapter 9: Health Promotion for the Adolescent

  • Growth and Development: Ages 11 ext{--}21 ext{ years} involve dramatic physical changes (second only to infancy) and significant psychological development, including the acquisition of primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

  • Physical Growth: Girls' height growth ceases 2 ext{--}2.5 ext{ years} after menarche, while boys' growth ceases between 18 ext{ and } 20 ext{ years}. Both experience fat deposits increase, and development of specific sexual characteristics like breast budding/pubic hair in girls and testicular/penile enlargement in boys.

  • Psychosexual Development: Assessed using Tanner stages (I–V), which measure the progression of sexual maturity and reflect significant hormonal changes and earlier pubertal onset.

  • Motor Development: Adolescents engage in aerobic exercise, team sports, and dance, promoting competition, teamwork, and social relationships while refining gross and fine muscle coordination.

  • Cognitive Development (Piaget): Moves from concrete to formal operations, enabling abstract reasoning, inductive/deductive thinking, understanding consequences, and analytical problem-solving.

  • Language Development: Adolescents express themselves verbally; reading improves vocabulary, but social media contributes to abbreviated communication, posing challenges in communication.

  • Psychosocial Development (Erikson): Revolves around identity vs. role confusion in early (11 ext{--}14 ext{ years}) and middle (15 ext{--}17 ext{ years}) adolescence (marked by egocentrism, risk-taking, vocational exploration, and testing limits), transitioning to intimacy vs. isolation in late adolescence (18 ext{--}21 ext{ years}) (abstract thinking, increased self-esteem, maturity in relationships, and emancipation).

  • Moral and Spiritual Development (Kohlberg): Involves respect for