Chapter 9 - Foundations of group behavior

Defining and classifying groups

@@Group@@: two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives.
@@Formal group@@: designated work group defined by an organization’s structure.
@@Informal group@@: group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined, such a group appears in response to the need for social contact.
Why do people form groups? * @@Social identity theory@@: perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups. * @@In-group favoritism@@: perspective in which we see members of our in-group as better than other people and not people in our group as all the same.

Stages of group development

@@Five-stage group-development model@@: five distinct stages groups go through; forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. * $Forming stage$ : first stage in group development characterized by much uncertainty. * $Storming stage$ : second stage in group development characterized by intra-group conflict. * $Norming stage$ : third stage in group development characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness. * $Performing stage$ : fourth stage in group development, during which the group is fully functional. * $Adjourning stage$ : final stage in group development for temporary groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance.
Alternative model for temporary groups with deadlines * @@Punctuated-equilibrium model@@: set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity.

The punctuated-equilibrium model

Group properties: roles, norms, status, size, cohesiveness and diversity

Group property 1: roles * @@Role@@: set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit. * @@Role perception@@: individual’s view of how he/she is supposed to act in a given situation. * @@Role expectations@@: how other believe a person should act in a given situation. * @@Psychological contract@@: unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee and vice versa. * @@Role conflict@@: situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations.
Group property 2: norms * @@Norms@@: acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the groups members. * @@Performance norms@@: level of output, time constraints. * @@Appearance norms@@: dress code. * @@Social arrangement norms@@: ability to form friendships within the workplace. * @@Resource allocation norms@@: assignment of challenging jobs. * The Hawthorne Studies concluded that the performance of individuals within the workplace is strongly influenced by work norms. * @@Conformity@@: phenomenon of adjusting the behavior of an individual to align with the norms of the group. * @@Reference groups@@: significant groups to which individuals belong or wish to belong and with whose work norms individuals are willing to conform. * @@Deviant workplace behavior@@: voluntary behavior that violates significantly organizational norms.
Group property 3: status * @@Status characteristics theory@@: theory which states that differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups.
Group property 4: size * @@Social loafing@@: tendency of individuals to extend less effort when they work collectively, then when they work individually.
Group property 5: cohesiveness * @@Cohesiveness@@: degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group.
Group property 6: diversity * @@Diversity@@: extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from another.

Group decision-making

@@Groupthink@@: phenomenon in which norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.
@@Group-shift@@: phenomenon of changing the level of risk of a decision towards greater risk/conservatism.
Group decision making techniques * @@Interacting groups@@: typical groups in which members interact with each other face-to-face. * @@Brainstorming@@: idea-generation process that specifically encourages any and all alternatives while withholding any criticism of those alternatives. * @@Nominal group technique@@: group decision-making method in which individual members meet face-to-face to pool their judgements in a systematic but independent fashion.