Reading and Writing notes
Reading and Writing Skills
Module 1
Brainstorming - Is a technique, generally used in a group setting, to quickly generate many ideas about a specific problem or topic
Module 2
Graphic Organizers - are a visual representation of knowledge that structures information by arranging important aspects of a concept or topic into a pattern using labels
Main Idea and Details Chart - This chart shows the hierarchical relationship between major concepts and their subordinate elements
* when using this organizer, label the main idea and the details clearly. use a different shape or area for the main idea and the details
Concept Map - Is a general organizer that shows a central idea with its corresponding characteristics.
* this organizer can take many different shapes and can be used to show any type of relationship that can be labeled.
Flow Diagram or Sequence Chart - Shows a series of steps or events in the order in which they take place.
* In Science, they can serve as procedures section in the scientific process
Venn Diagram - Is used to Identify the similarities and differences between two or more concept
Cause-and-Effect Diagram - This diagram highlights the direct relationship between different events or concepts.
Module 3
Two types of outline
* topic outline
* sentence outline
Topic Outline - is a structured list of main points and details for organizing ideas on a subject.
Sentence Outline - is a detailed list where each main point is written as a full sentence, showing the main ideas and their supporting details clearly.
The main difference is that a topic outline uses short phrases or keywords for each point, while a sentence outline uses full sentences to describe each point and detail. A sentence outline provides more detail and clarity on the structure of the content.
Module 4
* Narration - the purpose of narration is to tell a story or relate an event.
* Description - this is used so that the reader can picture which is being described. it is based on sensory details : sight, sound, smell, feel, and taste.
Module 5
* Definition - Its main purpose is to tell what something is. It consists of 3 parts: (1) the term, (2) the general class to which it belongs, (3) the characteristics that differentiate it from other members of its class.
* Exemplification - the main purpose of this is the main idea is explain by giving an extended example or a series of detailed examples.
MODULE 6,8,9
Comparison and Contrast - This examines the similarities and differences between two or more subject
Key elements:
* Comparison : Highlighting the similarities
* Contrast : Highlighting the differences
* Purpose : to draw conclusions or to make an informed decision
Cause and Effect - This analyzes the reasons why something happens ( cause ) and the results of it happening ( effects )
Key elements:
* Cause : the reason why something happens
* Effect : the outcome of what happens
* Purpose: to explain why things, happen and what happens as a result
Problem and Solution - This identifies a problem then proposes one or more solutions to address it
Key elements:
* Problem: A situation that is harmful or undesirable
* Solution: Actions or strategies that can be implemented to resolve the problem
* Purpose: To address issues by providing practical solutions
Module 10
Persuasion - this intends to convince readers to do or believe in something.
There are 3 common techniques that you can use in developing a persuasive paragraph:
1. Using evidence
2. Giving examples
3. Attacking an opposing view
The Philippines During Martial Law
Proclamation of Martial Law:
- September 21, 1972
Module 12
Root words - provide basic structure and meaning to words
Prefix - is a group of letters added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning.
ex : Un- (prefix) + happy = Unhappy (meaning not happy)
Suffix - is a group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning or function.
ex : -ness + happy = happiness (turns an adjective into a noun)
these are important because prefixes and suffixes help create new words and change their meanings, making communication clearer and more flexible.
MODULE 13
Paragraph - Is a series of sentences that are organized, coherent, and are all related to a single topic.
Module 15-16
Coherence - means when ideas or parts of something are connected logically and make sense together.
you should look for :
* logical order
* clear purpose
* consistency
* relevance
Cohesion - refers to how well different parts of a text or speech are connected to form a unified whole, using words, phrases, or grammatical structures that link ideas together smoothly.
look for:
* transitional devices
* pronoun references
* lexical cohesion
* substitution and ellipsis
difference between coherent and cohesive
Coherent:
* "She explained her plan clearly, and everything made sense."
Cohesive:
* "She used transition words like 'first,' 'next,' and 'finally' to connect her ideas."