Reading and Writing notes

Reading and Writing Skills 

Module 1 

Brainstorming - Is a technique, generally used in a group setting, to quickly generate many ideas about a specific problem or topic 

Module 2

Graphic Organizers - are a visual representation of knowledge that structures information by arranging important aspects of a concept or topic into a pattern using labels 

Main Idea and Details Chart - This chart shows the hierarchical relationship between major concepts and their subordinate elements 

* when using this organizer, label the main idea and the details clearly. use a different shape or area for the main idea and the details

Concept Map - Is a general organizer that shows a central idea with its corresponding characteristics. 

* this organizer can take many different shapes and can be used to show any type of relationship that can be labeled. 

Flow Diagram or Sequence Chart - Shows a series of steps or events in the order in which they take place. 

* In Science, they can serve as procedures section in the scientific process 

Venn Diagram - Is used to Identify the similarities and differences between two or more concept 

Cause-and-Effect Diagram - This diagram highlights the direct relationship between different events or concepts. 

 Module 3

Two types of outline 

* topic outline 

* sentence outline 

Topic Outline - is a structured list of main points and details for organizing ideas on a subject.

Sentence Outline - is a detailed list where each main point is written as a full sentence, showing the main ideas and their supporting details clearly.

The main difference is that a topic outline uses short phrases or keywords for each point, while a sentence outline uses full sentences to describe each point and detail. A sentence outline provides more detail and clarity on the structure of the content.

Module 4 

* Narration - the purpose of narration is to tell a story or relate an event. 

* Description - this is used so that the reader can picture which is being described. it is based on sensory details : sight, sound, smell, feel, and taste. 

Module 5 

* Definition - Its main purpose is to tell what something is. It consists of 3 parts: (1) the term, (2) the general class to which it belongs, (3) the characteristics that differentiate it from other members of its class. 

* Exemplification - the main purpose of this is the main idea is explain by giving an extended example or a series of detailed examples. 

MODULE 6,8,9 

Comparison and Contrast - This examines the similarities and differences between two or more subject 

Key elements:

* Comparison : Highlighting the similarities 

* Contrast : Highlighting the differences 

* Purpose : to draw conclusions or to make an informed decision 

Cause and Effect - This analyzes the reasons why something happens ( cause ) and the results of it happening ( effects )

Key elements: 

*  Cause : the reason why something happens 

* Effect : the outcome of what happens 

* Purpose: to explain why things, happen and what happens as a result 

Problem and Solution - This identifies a problem then proposes one or more solutions to address it 

Key elements:

* Problem: A situation that is harmful or undesirable 

* Solution: Actions or strategies that can be implemented to resolve the problem 

* Purpose: To address issues by providing practical solutions 

Module 10 

Persuasion - this intends to convince readers to do or believe in something. 

There are 3 common techniques that you can use in developing a persuasive paragraph: 

1. Using evidence

2. Giving examples

3. Attacking an opposing view 

The Philippines During Martial Law 

 Proclamation of Martial Law: 

 -  September 21, 1972

Module 12

Root words - provide basic structure and meaning to words 

Prefix  - is a group of letters added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning.

ex : Un- (prefix) + happy = Unhappy (meaning not happy)

Suffix  - is a group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning or function.

ex : -ness + happy = happiness (turns an adjective into a noun)

these are important because prefixes and suffixes help create new words and change their meanings, making communication clearer and more flexible.  

MODULE 13 

Paragraph - Is a series of sentences that are organized, coherent, and are all related to a single topic. 

Module 15-16

Coherence - means when ideas or parts of something are connected logically and make sense together. 

you should look for : 

* logical order

* clear purpose

* consistency 

* relevance

Cohesion - refers to how well different parts of a text or speech are connected to form a unified whole, using words, phrases, or grammatical structures that link ideas together smoothly.

look for: 

* transitional devices

* pronoun references

* lexical cohesion

* substitution and ellipsis 

difference between coherent and cohesive 

Coherent:

* "She explained her plan clearly, and everything made sense."

Cohesive:

* "She used transition words like 'first,' 'next,' and 'finally' to connect her ideas."