psychology 172 final

Emily Nagoski Consent Arousal Nonconcordance

• Squint: surprise, embarrassment, disgust

• Brain - reward center

  • Liking: opioid hotspot in emotional brain

  • Wanting: motivates to go toward/ away from stimulus

  • Learning: Pavlov’s dog

    • Wanting and liking are related but not identical

• Arousal Non Concordance:

  • Non Concordance: lack of physiological response (salivating) & subjective experience (pleasure)

  • Ex: genital blood flow increases in response to sexual stimuli even if stimuli not related to liking

    • 10% -50% predictive relationship

  • Listen-to-her-words

    • Recognized and articulate what they like 

  • Important in judicial cases

    • Orgasm doesn’t mean there was pleasure/ consent

  • Ex: moldy fruit → mouth water - words tell what is/ isn’t liked

    • 1 in 3 women, 1 in 6 men ½ transfolks are survivors

• Prevalence & consequences of adult assault of men

  • 87 empirical articles 

• Definition of sexual assault

  • Narrow vs broad intoxication, manipulation, unwanted

• Acts: intercourse, unwanted contact

  • Variability affect prevalence rate & severity

• Methodologies: impact findings

  • Specific to open interpretation

  • Convenience vs representative

• Gender: gender of perpetrator can affect psychological impact on male victims (

  • Male - more confusing

  • Female - less negative

• Timeframe: of reporting (lifetime vs specific period)

• Vulnerable pop: gay & bisexual men 

  • Veterans & inmates 

• Impact: psychological, sexual, physical consequences

  • Potential reporting bias, complex relationships, mental health issues

  • High level: distress, anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts

  • Impacts sexual functioning, emotional/social interactions, physical health, injuries STIs

  • Men are often overlooked

Non-Consent

• Rape

  • Physically forced penetration

  • Physical assault unconscious, incapacitated

  • Coercions

  • Definition continued: At least one party doesn’t consent any experience, event, interaction that one or more parties did not consent

• Legal Definition

  • History: a man having carnal knowledge of a woman not his wife through force & against her will 

  • Still about women

  • Only covers penetration 

• 2012

  • Still just about penetration - just sex organ 

  • What type of activities associated

• Rape is an act of sexual intercourse 

  • Accomplished under any disorder/ disability to give consent AND not spouse

  • Ex: Alzhemiers

• Active Impact 

• Negative psychological reactions

  • 90% PTSD symptoms within first 2 weeks

  • Most show recovery within a year 

  • 7% will experience PTSD

  • Cis men & transgender usually don’t ask for help 

    • Happens to sexual activity affects sexuality

    • No treatment to address sexuality

      • Improves sexual functioning 

      • Doesn’t alleviate sexual problems

  • Most agree that nonconsent experience isn’t ideal 

    • 1 in 5 fairly more prevalent

    • Not everyone who is a victim speak up about 

    • Only considering certain definitions 

      • No operational definition

      • Operalization is not clear

      • Way it is defined it will affect people’s answer

• Health Disparities

  • Column: category 

  • Findings:

    • Prevalence

      • Adult non consent assult range

      • 30% anything by women in most broad context

        • Men less likely to interpret force - not necessarily as rape

      • Negative psychological impact 

      • Not upsetting when perpetrator is woman 

      • Greater risk taking can result 

      • sexual identity questioning

        • Women don’t seem to do that

      • Men are less likely to get help

        • Clinicians don’t know how to help them when they do get help

      • Laws aimed to help women

        • Unless penetrative or other 

      • Women don’t rape unless statutory - by definition

    • Most perpetrators are men

      • 40% of men report having a woman perpetrator

    • Victims-precipitated rape: rape is a result of “asking for it” clothes, flirting, etc

    • Increased knowledge of risky situations

      • Less likely to get raped 

  • Psychopathology of rapist: rape is committed by a psychologically disturbed man

  • Dark Triad linked higher likelihood of perpetration 

  • Feminist Theory:

    • Product of gender- role socialization

    • Eroticization of violence - emphasis on power

  • Malamuth’s Model

    • It's about both power & sex 

    • Interviewed convicted people 

      • All blamed the victim

      • Social cognition that women are objects and asking for it 

      • Control & superiority men viewed

      • Men needed to control women

      • Lacking in empathy

      • Part of yours that support having sex

        • Detached feelings of sex

        • Uncontrollable high levels of sex drive

        • Hegemonic masculinity - negative aspects 

        • Sexist beliefs + high sex drives 

  • More likely to press on when aroused than when not

  • Non consent more likely when in aroused state

  • Not simply additive

    • You have to be high in both (multiplicative effect)

    • High sex drive & high sexual attitudes 

  • Leading:

    • People who have experienced - one perpetrators

    • Sexual trauma at youth - high risk of lots of things

  • Miscommunication theory (doesn’t apply to most)

    • Consent cues: vague

    • Sexual script: men push, women are gatekeepers, if you push a woman enough they’ll agree

  • Alcohol helps reduce anxiety → more likely to interpret them

    • Perpetrators aren’t aware 

    • People who endorse it know they are perpetrators

  • College men interacted with avatar 

    • Avatar was to kiss person but no other sexual behavior

    • 1 finding more aroused more likely to continue after soft refusals, louder men got continue on

  • Sociocultural Influence

    • Rape Culture: rape myths

      • Victims wanted to be rape

      • Men can’t control themselves

      • Perpetrators don’t believe they rape 

      • More endorse rape supportive myths → more in grey rape behaviors

    • Hard because of social desirability

      • Field is hard

      • More funding into understanding victims not perpetrators 

Sexual Orientation, Controversy & Science 

• Controversy… biological, environmental & psychological functioning

• Abstract

  • Implication of research, policy, society, individual rights

• Method

  • Biological factors (genetics, prenatal hormone & brain structure)

  • Deeply rooted political/ ideological stances

  • No single “gay gene” complex play of nature vs nurture 

  • Early life experiences → shaping sexual attraction

  • Complex measuring - variability in sexual behaviors & identity across individuals 

  • Hard to distinguish correlation vs causation

  • Shift away from polarized debates

• Beyond Binary Video

  • Fem vs masc isn’t universal - specific to the west

  • Femininity → male bodies

  • Euro American culture: male is feminine 

    • Transexual: change sex transverse binary

  • A third gender: self identity

    • Samoa/ Oaxaca not considered women even with surgery

  • Fa'AFafine: recognized as member of third gender

    • Nothing to do with sexuality 

    • Everything to do with presentation - behavior 

    • Western culture would suggest they are bisexual

      • A Fa'AFafine can be with a straight man

    • Male bisexuality is very rare in the west

    • Samoa looks like majority of men are bisexual

      • High degree of acceptance in the community

    • Androphilia: male sexuality   male same-sex attraction

      • Fa'AFafine don’t like being called gay

  • Separation anxiety - preference for female occupations, exhibit same sexual expectations look at guys

    • Lack of interest in modifying bodies - gays have bigger desire to change sex

TedTalk 

• Orientation - innate trait - most supportive of LGBTQ+

1. Not scientifically accurate   distrust for late in life gays

2. Not legally necessary

3. Unjust

• 100 women with different sexualities

  • Gender & sexual development → changes over time

  • Fluidity

  • Genes don’t provide last word 

• Conversion therapy doesn’t work

  • No results & big psychological problems

• Legal necessary

  • Prohibition of having certain traits - immutability 

  • Converts have put more emphasis if it is just hard discrimination

  • Born this way → don’t care

• Don’t want just

  • They want equality -  exclusive gays don’t get to have more rights

  • More bisexuals than same sex choice of sexuality

    • How why when shouldn’t rule acceptance/ equality 

Sexual Orientation 

• Environmental influences don’t mean choice

• Identities: labels that people use to express internal characteristics

• Homosexual: same sex sexual behaviors - same gender behavior

  • Not the same as homoerotic

• Same gender

  • How does that relate to transgender

  • Self reference for masc/ fem

• Males - smaller gamete       females - larger gamete

• Sexual orientation: complicated

  • Unclear about attraction - body parts or body as a whole

    • Facial features (jawline/ soft skin)

    • Personality traits

    • Dynamic between individuals

• Components of sexual orientation 

  • Describes general pattern

    • Constellation attractions, desire, behaviors, arousal

    • Theory of preference 1) monogamy 2) gender 3) value sex as part of relationship

  • Guides sexual behavior

    • Orients sexuality - what is it as we know it from gender

    • Binary gender system is problematic

    • Sexual behaviors - who are you having sexual interaction

      • Love of male-ness/ female-ness

  • Behavior is same/ different gender as individual

  • PDA have different meanings than same gender 

    • Way seen by others is different based on company and difference of who they’re interacting with

    • Sexual orientation labels can be messy

    • How to disclose who you ae to another person

• Compass Model

  • Tends to gravitate towards a certain sex same/ different

  • Sexual orientation guides attraction/ decisions 

  • Implies stability 

• Alignment of Attraction Behavior usually don’t align

  • Most have same gender attraction

  • Bisexuality is pathway to becoming gay/ lesbian

    • More common than exclusive homosexuality

    • Endorsement of same gender attraction

      • Doesn’t rise to the level of more 

      • Why eliminate a potential sex partner

  • Behavior → erotic            sex with just same gender

    • How likely it is added to identity

• Measuring Sexual Orientation

  • Domains: attraction, arousal, desire

  • Identity is one sense of sexual orientation

  • No cause yet of sexuality 

    • Happen since birth doesn’t mean a cause

    • Want factor to proceed it

  • Correlate vs cause

    • Higher gay than not ( higher in identical twins vs fraternal)

    • Multiple genes likely involved

  • Genome studies are correlational 

    • Bivariate outcomes

• Organizational Hypothesis

  • Differences caused by circulating hormones

  • early effects are irreversible (organizational)

  • Later effects are reversible (activational)

    • Hormones stress → gay

      • Gay men have more older brothers

    • Epigenetic factors make fetus more/ less sensitive to androgens

    • Gender Atypicality

      • Identifying as gay/ lesbian

  • meaningful/ precise     geng/environment

  • Asking questions about choice make sense to gay choice is about desire 

  • Why ask about choice to begin with

  • Doesn’t make sense to say how the way argument 

Sexual Fluidity 

• Not tied to one orientation - change overtime

  • Sexual orientation: pattern of attraction, desires, fantasies, & behaviors toward specific ()

• Context specific change might counter previous experience

• Historical change

  • Political lesbians vs born lesbians

  • Other classic examples

  • Heterosexual women fall in love with female best friend

• Emotional relationship

  • Most common context

  • Overlap between desire & love manifests

• Variability in Attractions, Desires, Behaviors

  • Birth control → more sexual partners 

    • Sexual revolution

  • Women’s desire change over time

    • Function of relationship

  • Women partnered → more sexual behavior

    • longer/ older → more willing

    • More focused around women

  • Men sexual fluidity - made more common than hypothesized 

• What did people do?

  • Longitudinal study % of transition in 10 years 

  • # not generalizable ( New York sample)

  • Women adopting lots of different titles

  • Patterns from results change is happening

    • Changing to unlabeled → fluidity

    • Bisexual is a label

    • Unlabeled category people gravitate towards

      • Want to adopt more inclusive labels

• Wide variability in the sample

  • Discrepancies across domains of sexual orientation

  • Category crisis: what category to be in

    • Might be put into unlabeled

    • Switch labels to try/ explore - change behavior

    • Ignore crisis

  • Pattern of desire → relatively stable over time

    • Behaviors can change

    • Romantic partners can change

    • Labels can change

• Change over time & across situations

  • Heightened sensitivity to context 

  • Operates alongside sexual orientation

  • Variability in attractions, behavior, identity over time 

• Variables

  • Overall sexual orientation

  • Fluidity as a heightened eroic

  • Want to know what way its more accurate to measure

  • Polarized directed to one gender

    • Heightened erotic response to one of less gender

    • How evenly is attraction spread out 

      • Proof of concept 

      • Those attracted to both → greater responsiveness to less preferred gender 

    • How nonexclusive are a person’s attractions

  • Average day-day attraction

    • Subjective arousal in laboratory

    • Daily diary: degree subjective arousal → average day to day period

  • Greater variability 

    • Higher value less correlated daily life - lab 

• Instability 

  • Watch for shifts over time

  • 2 week pattern

  • Stable 

  • Insatiable 

  • Erotic responsiveness less P Gender → more dynamic fluctuations

• Temporal instability → fluidity 

  • Lack of associations 

  • Proximal “drivers” of both temporal changes 

  • How we define and measure concepts depends on a lot of things 

Week 9 Class 1

• What role might oxytocin, vasopressin, and dopamine play in pair bonding?

• What are the costs and benefits of responding to a partner’s sexual needs? What is the role of emotional reciprocity, attention, and sexual communal strength in sexual and relationship satisfaction?

•  

• Relationship Structures

  •  Monogamous & non-monogamous 

    • Normativity / discrimination

• Bonding

  • Voles (Prairie Vole & Montane Vole)

  • When able to be in a chamber with a partner/ neutral/ stranger

    • Prairie prefer Partner - less in Stranger, even less in Neutral

      • Preference to be next to vole they just copulated with

    • Montane prefer Neutral, - equal time in Partner & Stranger chamber

      • No partner preference

    • Thus Montane voles are solitary, prairie voles show partner preference

  • OT - Oxytocin - neurohormones: in brain, can cross blood brain barrier

    • 1 receptor type

      • Ventromedial Hypothalamus- regulating circadian rhythm

      • Nucleus accumbens- reward part of the brain

      • Other places

      • Well know for pregnant people giving birth

    • Sociosexual behaviors

      • Intercourse

      • Childbirth

      • Lactation

      • Maternal pair bonding

      • Labor contractions 

      • Released in dose dependent fashion in women, released in men but not in dose dependent fashion

    • Implication

  • AVP/ Arg-VP - Arginine Vasopressin

    • 3 receptor types - where a neurotransmitter attaches to something

      • Ventral forebrain (Ventral pallidum), etc

      • Fluid retention, help body get rid of excess fluid

    • Sociosexual Behaviors

      • Erection

      • Ejaculation

      • Aggression

      • Territoriality

      • Pair bonding 

      • More male oriented/ associated

    • Voles

      • Stronger ventral forebrain vasopressin receptor in Prairie Voles, but not meadow coles

    • Implication

• OT vs VP after copulation

  • Oxytocin blocked - female not interested 

  • Vasopressin blocked - male not interested 

  • Injection of hormones before mating increased pair bonding

• Monogamy

  • Prairie voles is oxytocin & vasopressin necessary for behavior

    • If you block then what happens?

  • Control - blank injection

    • Same as if you had done nothing → partner preference 

  • Blocker 

    • Oxytocin - Lower rates of partner preference in females

    • Vasopressin - lower rates of partner preference in males

• Dopamine

  • partner preference must be getting pleasure from partner

  • Learning about reward process 

  • Sufficient - blocking dopamine - prevents partner preference from being induced with vasopressin injection

  • Need both dopamine and vasopressin to get pair bonding in males

• Unique about vasopressin in ventral pallidum? 

  • Montane Voles - No indication of partner preference

  • Partner preference when you inject into the ventral pallidum

• In prairie voles

  • Wildtype prairie voles & inject OT or Arg-VP before mating and you see pair bonding

  • You can prevent pair bonding with injection of OT or Arg-VP antagonists just after mating 

• In montane voles

  • If you inject vasopressin into the ventral palidum, you get pair bonding, like you see in prairie voles

• Non-monogamy

• Unmitigated communion

  • Prioritizing the needs excessively of others above themselves (in terms of own psychological & physical well-being) neglect their own

  • Devoid of agency for one’s own needs - more negative & less positive affect in situations of interpersonal conflict

  • Higher reports of distress, depression, anxiety, disappointment 

• Sexual communal strength

  • A person’s motivation to meet their partner’s sexual needs

    • Motivation to meet partner’s sexual needs without expecting direct reciprocation

  • Having high communal strength: More likely to engage in sexual activity when not in the mood

  • Having high communal strength: More responsive to partner during sexual activity

  • Relationship Functioning

    • Higher response to needs → higher satisfaction & commitment

    • Higher satisfaction - sexual, relationship, commitment

    • Higher well-being in partners & romantic relationships (personal & interpersonal well- being)

    • Sustained desire & connection - even during low sexual desire

      • Does Not dissipate over time

• Costs & benefits of responding to partner’s sexual needs - Study

  • Higher sexual communal → greater feeling of connection & responsiveness → higher satisfaction in experience & relationship

  • Higher unmitigated sexual communion → negative aspects of sex → less enjoyment of daily sexual experiences 

• Impett

  • Want to know 

  • Find

  • Do

• Attention/ Sexual Responsiveness

  • Sexual desire

  • Arousal

  • Pleasure

  • Sexual & relationship satisfaction

• Results

  • Relationship satisfaction

    • When person motivated to meet partner’s sexual needs, report higher sexual and relationship satisfaction

  • When you’re higher in sexual communal strength you attend more to your partner

  • Higher in sexual unmitigated communion → not as focused on positive cues

  • Higher sexual communal strength → more sexually satisfied→ more focused on partners cues

• Responsiveness & reciprocity 

  • ATTENTION matters

  • Paying attention to itch → it gets strong

  • Subtle sensations → more attention → more impact → more intense → accessing as arousal → more genital experience (positive loop unfolds)

• Experiencer rather than observer

Week 10 Day 1

• Non-monogamy

  • Not solely with one person (sexually or romantically)

  • Nonconsensual: cheating 1.2-85% of a sample secretive affairs 

    • In college student 1 in 2 or 3

    • Married couples 1 in 4 or 5

    • Varied and complex reasons

      • Impact on marriage varies widely by couple

      • Suggests: monogamy doesn’t provide universal benefits 

        • Not engaging in monogamous relationships even though they are saying it 

        • Arousal needs challenge → challenge attainable is arousing

  • Consensual: 

    • Swinging

    • Open relationships 

    • Polyamory = many loves

      • Relationships, not just sex

      • Some have primary lovers and others do not

    • Monogamish

      • May be consensual or not 

      • Have an unspoken thing were you can have other people on the side but don’t tell partner bc they don’t want to know

• No such thing as the right frequency 

  • Sex 1-3 times per week

  • Varies based on age, relationship duration, kids, stressful life events, desire frequency, etc

  • Finding the “right” frequency for your relationship

  • Want to increase novelty

    • Ability to explore self sexually 

    • At least short term benefit on sexual relationship 

  • Who is happy?

    • people/ relationship who

      • Want to grow/ improve in sexual communication/ skills

      • Accepts sexuality of themselves/ partner

      • High sexual communal strength

      • Listens to their partner and aware of quirks moods, like and dislikes

      • Talks both in and out of bedroom 

• Sexual Communication

  • Talking about what happened in sexual community and what happened

  • Communication during sex 

  • Beforehand talking about likes/dislikes or exploration

  • Frequency of sexual communication

  • Quality was larger than frequency of sexual communication 

  • Talking about sex a lot is good

  • Quality of sexual communication is more important than frequency of sexual communication 

  • Sexual self disclosure 

    • Identifying i like this and don’t like 

• Sexual communication content and process

  • Want to know whether or not just talking about sex was about satisfaction 

  • Sexual and relationship satisfaction 

  • Sexual communication predicts sexual satisfaction 

    • Path analysis

      • Communication process: how well you think that when you have a sexual problem how does your partner respond to your complaints 

      • Communication content: if you are actually talking about sex 

    • General communication is not associated with female general communication

      • Is with overall relationship

      • Not sexual satisfaction 

      • Communicator in general has no impact on sex life in general 

    • Female general communication process is relate to male relationship satisfaction 

      • Disclosing how you feel about sex life makes more sexual satisfaction but doesn’t help partner 

      •  How talking about sex → higher sexual relationship satisfaction no impact on relationship satisfaction 

        • General communication → more satisfaction general 

        • Talk about sex → better sexual satisfaction 

• Non-monogamous relationships

  • NEO-FFI-SF

    • Stable over time

  • Neuroticism: 

  • Extraversion : every from others

  • Agreeableness: people pleasing abilities 

  • Conscientiousness: wiping up messes?

  • Openness to experience: being able to be open to new experiences (artsy)

  • New Sexual satisfaction scale

  • Dominance and jealousy 

    • People talk more about jealousy 

    • Jealousy becomes excitement for the partner 

• Sexual need fulfillment (sexual communal strength)

  • Satisfied with way partner takes care of needs 

• Spillover effect between relationship with primary  partner and those needs impacts feelings about primary partner and secondary partner - not true in verse 

• Verbal communication is super important 

  • “I” language 

  • Not engage in mind-reading

    • Don’t want to assume that you know what is in there person’s head

    • Don’t say I know what you feel 

    • Listen actively

  • Stating thoughts clearly, simply, and honestly 

  • Listening 

  • Validating

  • Drawing your partner out - “tell me more about that”

  • Accentuate the positive - feedback

• Attention is everything

  • What you attend to during ssez matters

  • Relishing in partner’s pleasure 

• Nonverbal communication and signaling

  • Reciprocity & responsiveness

  • Partner responding to moves you make 

  • Sex is like a dance 

Understanding Adolescent Sexuality 

• Adolescents are relatively conservative 

• Sexuality is a place where larger insistence that the issues of the experience of sex is important regardless of who they experience it with and how 

• Sex is as it has always been 

• A part of young people’s lives - generation after generation 

• Different kinds of roles sex might play in their lives

  • Pleasure might be 

    • Masterbation 

    • Healthy and important way to experience sexuality 

    • Pleasure or adverse experiences (pain)

    • sharing/ communication - or lack of 

  • Sexually healthy nation

    • Allows people to experience sexuality

  • Each have sexual rights

    •  Intertwined with human rights to pursue 

    • Legislative and human health approaches

    • Services educational and health wise 

Sexual Wellbeing 

• Memorable

  • External sensory experiences - sight, smell, taste, touch

• Paper:

  • We learn from both kisses that are amazing and memorable because they weren’t good

  • Pleasantly memorable experiences from the kiss

    • Thinking the kiss was ok but you still like the person so you're not going to quit

    • You don’t like the person & you don’t like the kiss so you’re out

• Four pillars of sexuality

  • People are inherently sexual and pursue experiences for enjoyment, freedom, and self expression

  • Sexual health

    • Based on things that are pretty standard - comprehensive sex ed

    • STIs & preventing getting pregnant

    • Maybes: non-consent, family planning, birth control methods

    • Fertility management 

    • Sexual violence prevention

    • Sexual functioning concerns

      • Might have disorder of arousal or desire etc

  • Sexual justice

    • Sexual rights

      • Ultimately socially situated

    • Sexual citizenship

      • Children don’t have rights in our culture

      • Decider about own sexuality, have agency about sexual rights to be upheld 

    • Sex positive practice 

    • Children don’t have the right to bodily autonomy 

    • Can be limited by position in society 

      • If you need to be in violent situations to keep roof over head

      • Own sexuality can still be positive and good 

      • Sexual citizenship can influence sexual wellbeing 

  • Sexual pleasure

    • Person-related

      • Type of person achieves more pleasure in sexual life or wants to achieve more pleasure 

    • Event-related

      • This moment sex is good, pleasurable sex

  • Sexual well-being

    • Impaired overall sexual pleasure

      • If you constantly get STI’s and things like that 

    • Feeling safe, secure, respected

    • Sense of self esteem and resilience, forgive others for transgressions

    • Learn to forgive others for transgressions tend to have better sexual well-being overall

      • Ability to be able to freely make choices about sexuality and sexual experiences

    • All things contribute to overall sense & evaluation of sexual life

      • Is sexual life where you want it to be

      • Well being with regard to sexuality

    • Can have sexual well-being without pleasure or having rights be upheld

      • More likely to have higher levels of sexual well being if you feel like you have higher levels of autonomy and respect 

    • Esteem & self - efficacy 

      • Sexual literary perceptive start shifting fundamental questions we are asking 

      • Is this relationship good for me and what I want?

      • How satisfied are you with this interaction

      • Optimizes both safety and pleasure 

        • They don’t have to be opposite constructs 

  • Big question to improve sexual wellbeing and health 

• Interventions are only as effective as they speak to people

  • Fear based message isn't as helpful as pleasure message

  • Condom use

    • Talking about pleasurable experiences → increase sexual pleasure

    • More likely to use condoms more consistently 

• Fact sheets

  • Environmental doesn’t mean you can chose it change it or it is your responsibility

  • Quality communication affect sexual satisfaction

  • Positive thing that beliefs change to be to real facts

  • Orientation may not stay the same throughout life 

  • Attention to present moment to pay attention to sensations 

  • Sexual experiences shape future 

  • Explicit communication vs implicit communication (non verbal cues) difference but important in both of them (dance metaphor)

• Mentality shift → talking about sex is ok 

  • More information about sexuality than most americans

  • Much of what we implicitly learned about sex is inaccurate or more nuanced at best

  • There is a more systematic way of understanding sex 

    • Allows us to evaluate if cultural beliefs are valid

    • Disseminate sexual knowledge, take what you have learned and spread it