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Canada Post War: 1945-1982

Unit 4: 1945-1982 Canada Post War

The Nifty Fifties

  • King served as leader until 1948.
  • Louis St. Laurent (Liberal) replaced King and served until 1957.
  • John Diefenbaker (Progressive Conservative) replaced St. Laurent and served until 1963.
  • Free healthcare begins with CCF Leader Tommy Douglas in Saskatchewan
  • St Lawrence Seaway:
    • Joint project between Canada and the US.
    • Started during the St. Laurent government.
    • Finished in 1959 by the Diefenbaker Administration.
    • Allowed the passage of ocean liners into the great lakes as far as Thunder Bay in Lake Ontario and Duluth in Lake Superior.

The Psychedelic Sixties

  • Leaders of the 60s and 70s:
    • John Diefenbaker (Progressive Conservative) 1957 to 1963
    • Lester B Pearson (Liberal) 1963 to 1968
    • Pierre Trudeau (Liberal) 1968 to 1979
    • Joe Clark (Progressive Conservative) 1979 to 1980
    • Pierre Trudeau (Liberal) 1980 to 1984
  • The Space Race:
    • Began in 1957 when the Soviets launched Sputnik.
    • Accelerated during the 1960s.
    • Russians were the first to put a person in space (April 1961, Yuri Gagarin in orbit).
    • Americans put Alan Sheppard in space and John Glenn in orbit.
    • After the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy promised to beat the Soviets to the moon.
    • Apollo 11 landed Neil Armstrong on the moon in 1969.

Civil Rights Movement

  • Protests in the South of the US looked to end segregation (sit-ins, Freedom Riders, etc).
  • MLK was often involved in the leadership of these protests.
  • Protests were often met with violence from police and southerners.
  • Many Black people living in the South migrated to the North for better economic opportunities and to escape violence and segregation.
  • MLK performed his “I Have a Dream” speech in 1963 during the March on Washington.
  • MLK was assassinated in 1968, sparking riots across the US.
  • Succeeded in legislative change but didn’t heal racial inequality and tension.

Vietnam War

  • Americans (Disproportionately poor, black or both) were sent to Vietnam to fight, many killed/injured.
  • Significant Anti-War campaign started in response.
  • Some Americans went to Canada to avoid being drafted.

Environmentalism

  • Silent Spring was published in 1962 by Rachel Carson, documenting the impact of pesticides on the environment and human health.
  • Contributed to growing awareness for the environment and the first Earth Day in 1970 and legislative action being put into place.

Women’s Rights and Feminism

  • Second Wave Feminism occurred throughout the 1960s and 1970s where women wanted to improve work, family and reproductive rights.
  • Birth control pill allowed women to have more choice of when to start a family.
  • Changes to criminal code made abortion more accessible but still illegal.
  • Henry Morganthaler challenged the abortion laws throughout the 70s and and early 80s, which led to legal abortions in Canada.
  • Outrage over Murdoch case, where a woman was denied shared property after a divorce, initiating changes to family laws that recognized marriage as an economic partnership too.
  • More women were entering the workforce, but there was still a large gap between men and women for pay and opportunities.

Counter Culture

  • Change in culture to be more relaxed and experimental.
  • Experimentation with drugs (psychedelics) and more liberal attitudes with love and sex.
  • Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters went around the country in a “Magic School Bus”.
  • Many Americans moved west in 1967s “Summer of love” to the Haight Ashbury District of San Francisco.
  • Though many were in support of counter culture (Youth specifically), many still liked traditional culture (More proper). Nixon referred to these people as the “Silent Majority” and these people helped him win two elections.

Woodstock and Altamont

  • Woodstock starters August of 1969 in a farmer’s field in New York State
  • Over 400,000 people attended the rainy weekend
  • Acts included; the Grateful Dead, the Band, Joan Baez, CCR, Janis Joplin, the Who, Jefferson Airplane, CSN & Y, Jimmy Hendrix, among others.
  • Major Success
  • Altamont tried to replicate this by being the “Woodstock of the west”, but their crowds fought and it got violent
  • Hell’s Angels (Biker gang running security) stabbed an enraged person in the crowd
  • Many consider this to symbolically demarcate the end of the hope of the 1960’s, and beginning the cynicism and disillusionment of the 1970’s.

Healthcare

  • Many provinces had healthcare insurance in the 50s but there was no universal healthcare yet
  • In 1959, Tommy Douglas (Premier of Saskatchewan CCF) introduced a healthcare system there
  • Resulted in a doctor’s strike, which Douglas countered by bringing in foreign doctors.
  • Saskatchewan doctors backed down and healthcare became government run.
  • Tommy Douglas left his role as premier of Saskatchewan and became leader of the NDP (New name for CCF)
  • Diefenbaker government explored the concept of Universal Healthcare because it was such a success in Saskatchewan.
  • Universal healthcare became a reality under the Pearson government after they compromised with the NDP (Since they had a minority government)
  • Medical Care Act was passed in 1966, creating a universal healthcare system fore all Canadians

The Canadian Flag

  • In the 1960s, the Canadian government faced pressure for a new flag
  • Red Ensign (Old flag with the Union Jack) confused Canadians for British which endangered our peacekeepers
  • We also wanted a new flag for our centennial celebrations
  • Our red maple leaf was unveiled in 1965

Expo 67

  • Montreal hosted it (World Fair) during Canada’s centennial celebrations
  • Happened amidst the Quiet Revolution and FLQ (Front de Libération du Québec) violence

Immigration Reform

  • In 1967 Canada reformed its immigration policies and adopted a points system.
  • Preference for immigration now based on education, language, occupational demand, training and familial relations, instead of race.
  • In 1976 the government introduced the three classes: Independent, Family and Refugee.
  • In 1971 an official policy of multiculturalism was instituted which encouraged multiculturalism

Trudeaumania

  • Pierre Trudeau was very popular among young Canadians
  • He looked to advance individual rights and progressive causes
  • Progressive view on LGBTQ2+ Rights

LGBTQ2+ Rights

  • Everett Klippert was imprisoned for being gay under counts of gross indecency. (1960- 1964 and 1965-1971)
  • In 1967 Trudeau said, “I think the view we take here is that there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation. I think that what's done in private between adults doesn't concern the Criminal Code. ”
  • In 1969 Trudeau decriminalized most parts of homosexuality (some parts of it were still illegal)
  • In 1969 the Stonewall riots occurred in NYC
  • Led to the start of Pride parades around the US
  • Toronto had its first pride parade in 1972
  • Toronto had its ‘Stonewall’ moment with the bath house raids in 1981.

Alberta and Oil

  • Discovery of oil in Alberta in 1947 upped its importance in Canada
  • OPEC oil embargo of 1973 caused oil prices to spike
  • Canadian government lowered the price of domestic oil amd restricted it which angered Alberta (Thought they could get more money from selling it internationally)
  • Led to National Energy Program (1980-1985) which kept Canadian oil prices low and developed oil extraction in Eastern Canada

Edmund Fitzgerald

  • American Great Lakes Freighter (Largest of the time)
  • Sunk during storm with hurricane force winds
  • Killed all 29 crew members

Montreal Olympics

  • Canada hosted its first olympics in Montreal in 1976
  • Canada didn’t win a gold medal

Social Movements

  • In the 1970s, optimism was replaced by Cynicism
  • War in Vietnam continued to 1975, slowing many social movements (became anti-war)
  • Indigenous rights were disregarded and we treated the environment worse than in the 60s
  • Drug experimentation shifted from psychedelics to more potent and dangerous drugs

Quebec and Canada

  • Maurice Duplessis
    • Premier from 1936-1939 and 1944-1959 (Until his death)
    • Originally conservative, but formed Union National (Quebec centric party)
    • Wanted more provincial rights and didn’t want Quebec to follow the Federal government
    • Allowed the church to dominate
    • Adhered to traditional values and religious values
    • Didn’t develop Quebec, so no reforms
    • Did not support trade unions
    • Did not associate with English businesses
    • Church supported him, which kept him in power
    • Union-Nationale ridings were the first to get government services
  • Montreal
    • Canada’s largest and most important city
    • Banking, business and financial centre
    • Bilingual city
    • Large immigrant population
    • Intellectual beginnings of the Quiet revolution
  • Asbestos Strike
    • Workers in Asbestos mines demanded more rights, higher pay and safer conditions
    • Duplessis government sided with business owners out of fear of unions
    • Workers were francophone, companies were anglophone
    • Catholic church split between backing the workers or Duplessis
    • Strikers blockaded mines
    • Police moved in and arrested the strikers
    • Strikers were forced to compromise for less than they asked for
    • Pierre Trudeau covers the asbestos strike as a journalist and was sympathetic to the strikers
  • Richard Riots
    • Richard was suspended for punching a ref in the face (again) and Quebec thought Campbell was unfairly targeting the only french team in the league
    • People threw fruit at Campbell during the game, (cancelled)
    • Riots spilled into the streets after tear gas was released
    • Showed how angry Quebec was of the English speaking Canadians
  • Quiet revolution
    • Union nationale was defeated in 1959 by the liberals
    • Changes:
      • Secularization (seperation of church and state) of provincial services
      • Unionization
      • Modernization of provincial services
      • Hydro Quebec (Province takes control of hydroelectric dams and builds more)
      • More recognition of French language
    • Quebec Liberal Slogan in 1962: Maîtres chez nous (Masters of our home)
    • Younger Quebecois became more politically active/concious and less religious
    • Major political split (Federalists who wanted Quebec to remain in Canada and Seperatists who wanted Quebec to leave Canada)
    • Within Separatists, most believed in separation through political channels (Partie Québecois) and FLQ de Quebec (Small minority) who looked to use violence to seperate from Canada
  • The Bi and Bi Commission
    • Royal commission on bilingualism and biculturalism (To ease tensions on English and French Canadians)
    • Recommended that Canada should officially become a bilingual country
    • Language of schooling would be citizen’s choice
    • Led to the official Languages act (1969) where Canada becomes officially bilingual
  • Expo 67
    • Montreal hosted Expo 67 (World fair that showed off new inventions)
    • Charles De Gaulle (French president) said Long live Free Quebec, which added fuel to the fire
  • Trudeau (Pierre)
    • Became PM in 1968
    • Hoped he would calm everything down because he supported the Protesters in the Asbestos strike and he’s French Canadian
  • Partie Quebecois
    • Ligitimate arm of the Seperatist movement
    • Formed in 1968 and was led by Rene Levesque (Former Liberal Cabinet minister)
  • FLQ (Front de Liberation de Quebec)
    • Terrorist arm of the Seperatist movement
    • Hoped to separate through violent means
    • Ran bombing campaigns (Mailbox bombings in Westmount, Bombing Financial institutions like the Montreal Stock Exchange and Cultural institutions like Eaton’s Stores)
    • October 1970, British trade commissioner James Cross was kidnapped by an FLQ cell
    • Said they would only release him if certain demands were met (Money, Manifesto being red, Safe passage to Cuba)
    • Pierre Trudeau negotiated, allowing their manifesto be read on the news (Texte du Manifeste FLQ)
    • Inspired by this, a separate cell kidnapped Minister of Immigration Pierre Laporte (Later found dead)
    • War measures act was enacted and troops were moved into Montreal and many people were detained (rightfully and wrongfully)
    • Negotiations for the release of James Cross were successful and the kidnappers wre granted money and safe passage to Cuba, but they were later arrested
    • Abandoned in favour of legitimate arm of Seperatist movement
  • Bill 101
    • Parti Quebecois managed to form the Government of Quebec in 1976
    • Passed a series of laws that instituted the primacy of French language in Quebec
  • 1980 Referendum
    • Arranged by Parti Quebecois
    • Asked whether Quebec should take a legislative action towards sovereignty
    • 60% said no and 40% said yes
    • Eventually another referendum would be posed where the vote was much closer
  • A Just Society
    • Concept of a majority
    • Work with minorities to build a just society
    • Everyone has different needs (A Fish can’t climb a tree)
  • The White Paper
    • Jean Chrétien suggested the abolishment of the Indian act
    • Hoped to assimilate First Nations people into society to become more equal
    • Created without consulting the First nations
    • Trudeau Government wanted to eliminate all Indigenous rights to make them equal and so that the Canadian government wouldn’t interfere
    • Wanted to relinquish Indigenous lands and simply call them Canadian
    • To absolve themselves of their obligations and give it to the Provincial Governments
    • Considered “cultural genocide” by indigenous advocates
  • The Red Paper
    • A book written in 1970 by Harold Cardinal (Title was The Unjust Society as a play on Trudeau’s concept of A Just Society)
    • Nicknamed the Red Paper as a protest to the White Paper
    • Prompted Trudeau to remove the White Paper
    • National Indian Brotherhood (NIB) and Assembly of First Nations formed to better represent Indigenous peoples (Specifically Status Indians)
    • Referred to as Citizens Plus
    • Brought Indigenous issues and oppression to the forefront and got public attention

The Cold War

  • Percentage Agreement
    • Secret meeting between Chruchill and Stalin
    • Discussed how to split up control of various nations (Like Greece, Yugoslavia, etc)
  • End of WW2
    • Allies meet at Teheran, Yalta (Feb, 1945) and Potsdam (July, 1945)
    • Churchill didn’t attend Potsdam in July of 1945 because he lost the election to Atley
    • At end of WW2, Eastern Europe (Baltic-Balkans) were liberated by USSR
    • Western Countries (France, Belgium, Italy, etc) liberated by US, Canada, UK
    • Spheres of influence created for USSR and the west
  • Partition of Germany
    • Partitioned into 4 (Soviet, British, Americans, French)
    • Berlin is further broken down, became West Berlin and East Berlin
    • Tensions created between Soviets and the West
    • Large economic difference between East and West Berlin
    • Berlin Wall
  • Pacific
    • American presence still exists from when they defeated Japan
  • Atomic Age
    • America is sole superpower since they are the only ones to have it
    • Other countries figure it out (Specifically Soviet union)
    • Two superpowers led to cold war
  • United Nations
    • UN is an improved League of Nations
    • Security Council (USA, Soviet union, UK, China, France) →Veto Powers
    • General Assembly: All members vote, all have 1 vote
    • Dysfunctional body because things that aren’t in the interest of these countries get vetoed
    • 5 Superpowers have way more power than everyone else
  • Cold War
    • Conflict between US (and allies) and Soviet Union (and its allies)
    • No direct fighting, but proxy wars (Where 2 sides that the superpowers pit against each other (Communist side and Not communist side))
    • Espionage, distrust, stealing secrets
    • MAD (Mutually assured destruction)
    • Lasts until 1991 (Collapse of Soviet Union)
  • The Gouzenko Affair
    • Soviet Cipher Clerk for their embassy in Ottawa
    • Defected from the Soviet Union in September 1945
    • Provided 109 documents that proved the vast network of Soviet spies in the West
    • West became more suspicious of Soviet Union
    • Witch hunt to purge potential soviet spies (Mccarthyism: people put in front of the government who did “Anti-American things” and forced to incriminate themselves or others or else they are jailed or they lose their jobs)
  • Cold War in Europe
    • Iron Curtain
    • Chruchill calls out legitimacy of governments behind Iron Curtain
    • Term used because it was like a social curtain, where the boundary couldn’t be passed and you were only on one side
    • What used to be free flowing relationships and freedoms are now blocked by Stalin and contact is severed by Iron Curtain
  • Marshall Plan
    • Europe needed support (Needed to be rebuilt)
    • America learned from its failures (Treaty of Versailles)
    • US gives aid to allied countries to help rebuild Europe
    • Goal was if America gave money to restart the economy, a favourable government would be elected and be an ally
    • Used to contain communism
  • Berlin
    • Goods could move from West Germany to Berlin
    • Soviets stopped this and put in a blockade as tensions rose
    • Berlin Airlift; For over a year, UK and USA would fly over and drop supplies into West Berlin
    • Goal for soviets was to get people to leave and go to East Berlin
  • NATO
    • Mutual defence against threat of Soviet Union
    • Stood for North Atlantic Treaty Organization
    • Protected every member state from the Soviet Union
    • Soviets create COMECON and Warsaw Pact (Similar to NATO)
    • Both superpowers protected their spheres to keep the other away
  • Cold War and the World
    • China falls to communism in 1950
    • America feared the spread of communism
    • America feared that everyone would fall to Communism
  • Korean War
    • First proxy war of the cold war
    • North Korea was trying to invade South Korea and implement communism
    • Intervention by the UN was not Vetoed by Soviets since they were boycotting the UN (Since Taiwan was given its own seat in the UN even though China lay claim to it)
    • UN goes in and pushes the communists close to the Chinese border and settle in the middle (North Korea and South Korea)
  • Suez Crisis
    • Nationalist Coup d’Etat overthrew the Egyptian Monarchy
    • Placed Abdul Nasser in power
    • Crisis triggered by the nationalization of the Suez Canal (Nasser wanted to tax everyone that used it to finance a hydro dam in the Nile)
    • UK, France and Israel planned to attack it to regain control (Without consulting the US)
    • When they invaded, Soviet Union demanded a withdrawal
    • Signified a decline in colonial power (Like UK and France)
    • Led to the creation of UN Peacekeeping forces and a Nobel Peace Prize for Lester B Pearson
  • Hungarian Uprising
    • Uprising in Hungary was brutally repressed by the Soviet Union
    • Demonstrated that these governments in the Soviet sphere weren’t the choice of the people
    • Set the precedent that any other uprisings would be brutally suppressed
  • The Arms Race
    • Once the Soviet Union has the ability to produce Nuclear weapons, arms race begins
    • At the height of it, there were about 70000 total (Like 20 will destroy the world)
    • Tried to make more that were more powerful
  • Vietnam War
    • Due to Domino Theory (The US feared that one communist takeover will lead to another, etc)
    • US was used to being on the “just” side of history, but here they were supporting a corrupt, oppressive dictator over a fair and supported leader in the north
    • Canada did not officially involve themselves in the Vietnam War, though some Canadians volunteer to fight
    • Lester B. Pearson delivered a scathing speech about the war in 1965 and then met a fuming Lyndon B Johnson at the white house (Johnson picke dup pearson by the neck and claimed he pissed on his rug(insulted American policy in America))
    • War became increasingly problematic for the US
    • North Vietnamese did not break under severe bombings and superior military firepower
    • North Vietnamese blended into the population of villages and attacked there (and blended into the surroundings well too.)
    • Became unpopular domestically leading to mass protests and backlash
    • Caused over 1 million Vietnamese deaths and destabilized nearby governments (like Cambodia and Laos)
  • Cuban Missile Crisis
    • U2 Spy plane is shot down above the Soviet Union, adding to the tension
    • Cuban revolution led to communism in off the coast of the USA
    • USA tried to invade with the Bay of Pigs invasion
    • Bay of Pigs failed, but it alarmed the Cubans and they looked to the Soviets for help (Tried to get someone to overthrow Castro without blatant American involvement)
    • Soviets place Nuclear weapons on Cuba’s shores, heightening tensions to the max
    • Meant that a Nuclear attack was possible from 90 miles away
    • US set up a naval blockade
    • Soviets did that in retaliation for America’s missiles in Turkey and Italy
    • When US planes spotted these, the Kennedy government was outraged
    • Agreement reached that Soviets would remove missiles from Cuba if the US removes theirs from Turkey and Italy and promises to not invade Cuba
    • Because this agreement was secret, it was seen as a US victory and Kruschev was ousted from power 2 years later
  • Prague Spring
    • Reforms initiated by Alexander Dubcek leading to democrazation and decentralization
    • Soviets sent soldiers in to reverse this
    • Jaromir Jagr weared 68 because his Grandfather was involved in this
  • Detente
    • Easing of tension of the cold war, beginning in 1969 to 1979
    • Reduction in Nuclear Weapons globally
    • Involved SALT (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks) which limited the amount of ballistic missiles and anti ballistic missile systems
    • Further negotiation and communication between the two superpowers
    • Nixon opened up relations with China
    • Ended with Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
  • American Intervention
    • US intervened to overthrow left-leaning governments in places like Chile, Iran, Guatemala and Iran
    • Favouravle to the US but oppressive to the citizens of those countries
  • Iran Cause and Consequence String
    • US overthrows Mosaddegh (popular left leaning) for Shah, autocratic, right leaning
    • Shah rules Iran and his police supresses religious and communist movements
    • Shah is overthrown during the Iranian revolution and the American Embassy in Tehran was stormed with American diplomats and citizens held hostage
    • Soviets are involved with supporting a left-leaning government in Afghanistan
    • US supports Iraq in a war against Iran
    • US supports Mujahideen who opposed the Soviets in Afghanistan, among then was Osama Bin Laden
    • Iraq and Iran war concludes without a ‘winner’ .
    • Iraq invades Kuwait.
    • The United States and the United Nations stage in Saudi Arabia and remove Iraq from Kuwait.
    • The presence of foreign soldiers in Saudi Arabia angers Osama Bin Laden.
    • The Soviet Union collapses.
    • Conflict continues in Afghanistan with the Taliban eventual coming to power and allowing terrorists to operate there.
    • Osama Bin Laden orchestrates 9-11.
    • The United States and NATO allies invade Afghanistan as part of the War on Terror.
    • The United States invades Iraq as part of the War on Terror.
  • The End of the Cold War
    • Soviet Union was having Economic and political challenges
    • Due to this, Gorbachev enacted the Glasnost and Perestroika (Transperancy and restructuring)
    • Increasing dissension in Warsaw Pact countries
    • The Solidarity (Polish Trade Union) opposes Communist bureaucracy
    • In 1989, the berlin Wall fell and former iron curtain countries transitioned to democracy and capitalism
    • Soviet union collapses in 1991, making America the most powerful country
    • 14 “new” states created by the collapse
    • Oligarchs (Former Soviet high-ups) bought up everything and made a ton of money

Test Summary (Based on topics provided)

  • Postwar & the Nifty Fifties
    • The Massey Report (1951): Advocated for Canadian cultural independence, emphasizing support for the arts and education.
    • Tommy Douglas & Universal Healthcare: Premier of Saskatchewan, introduced Canada’s first universal healthcare plan, later adopted nationwide.
    • Baby Boom & Postwar Canada: A dramatic increase in birth rates led to economic expansion, suburbanization, and increased consumer culture.
    • Immigration: Postwar policies encouraged immigration to boost the workforce and economy, particularly from Europe.
  • Psychedelic 60s & Cynical 70s
    • Women’s Rights & Feminism: Rise of second-wave feminism advocating for workplace equality, reproductive rights, and legal protections.
    • The Canadian Flag (1965): Official adoption of the red and white Maple Leaf flag, replacing the Red Ensign.
    • Immigration Reform: New point-based immigration system emphasizing skills rather than country of origin.
  • Trudeaumania: Widespread enthusiasm for Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's leadership and charismatic appeal.
    • Social Movements: Activism related to civil rights, Indigenous rights, LGBTQ+ rights, and environmental protection.
  • Quebec/Canada Relations
    • Asbestos Strike (1949): Marked tensions between labor unions and government, influencing Quebec’s push for change.
    • Richard Riots (1955): Hockey-related protest turned political, exposing French-English divides in Canada.
    • Quiet Revolution (1960s): Major societal changes in Quebec, promoting secularism, economic growth, and French identity.
    • FLQ (Front de libération du Québec): Radical separatist group responsible for the October Crisis (1970), leading to government emergency measures.
    • Bi & Bi Commission: Investigated bilingualism and biculturalism in Canada, shaping language policies.
    • Bill 101 (1977): Made French the official language of Quebec, regulating business, education, and government language use.
    • Referendum (1980): A failed attempt by Quebec to gain sovereignty, shaping future relations with Canada.
  • Indigenous Relations
    • Residential Schools: Government-run schools aimed at assimilating Indigenous children, causing cultural and personal trauma.
    • 60s Scoop: Removal of Indigenous children from families, placing them in non-Indigenous homes, disrupting cultural heritage.
    • The White Paper (1969): Proposed the elimination of Indigenous status, met with opposition from Indigenous groups.
    • The Red Paper: Indigenous response rejecting the White Paper, advocating for rights and cultural preservation.
  • Cold War
    • End of WWII: Set the stage for Cold War tensions between the US and Soviet Union.
    • Atomic Age & Arms Race: Nuclear weapons development led to heightened global tensions.
    • United Nations (1945): Formed to maintain international peace and cooperation.
    • Gouzenko Affair (1945): Soviet defector Igor Gouzenko exposed spy networks, increasing Cold War fears in Canada.
    • Marshall Plan (1948): US economic aid to Europe to counter Soviet influence.
    • Proxy Wars (Korea, Vietnam): Conflicts where the US and USSR supported opposing sides without direct war.
    • Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): Closest the world came to nuclear war, resolved through diplomacy.
    • NORAD (1958-Present): The North American Aerospace Defense Command, a joint Canada- US military organization created to monitor and defend against potential airborne threats during the Cold War.
    • End of Cold War (1991): Collapse of the Soviet Union, marking the end of ideological tensions.