WHAP- Unit 5 & 6

1. THE ENLIGHTENMENT

-> Enlightenment: intellectual/cultural movement focusing on reasoning, skepticism, & nationalism of humankind in relation to the gov.

• Extension of Scientific Revolution BUT applied to humans instead 

• Transition from divine right to new beliefs:

  • Deism: idea that supreme being created universe but didn’t intervene in it

  • Atheism: doesn’t believe in god at all

• Social & political upheaval

  • Social Contract- individuals consent to surrender some freedoms for protection fo remaining rights

    • Jean-Jacques Rousseau vs. Thomas Hobbes

      • Rousseau: advocated for individual rights/democracy/general “will” 

      • Hobbes: advocated for strong sovereign to prevent chaos as ppl are naturally greedy

  • Natural Rights- basic god-given rights that gov. shud protect as ppl are capable of self-rule

    • John Locke wrote the Two Treatsies on Government

  • Montesquieu- separation of powers/branches in gov., checks & balances to prevent tyranny

  • Individualism- focus on moral worth & significance of the individual

    • Voltaire- Advocated freedom of speech, religion, and separation of church and state

    • Adam Smith- Free markets and capitalism; individuals acting in self-interest benefit society as a whole

      • Wrote Wealth of Nations

    • Thomas Paine- advocated American independence & democratic gov.; wrote Common Sense

American Revolution

• French vs. US Colonies

  • French & Indian War/7 years’ war- colonies + British army vs. french + native tribes

  • British needed to pay for war & tought that colonists didn’t share enough burden = TAXES (stamp/tea acts)

    • No taxation w/o representation

  • Thomas Paine urges colonists to separate from Britain

    • Americans sign the Declaration of Independence

    • Enlightenment ideas + taxes + mercantilist polices = war!! (France was happy to join)

  • French & US corner British = US wins!! -> constitution & bill of rights established 

French Revolution

• France is literally involved in every war @ home & abroad = debtsssss & Louis XVI needs money

• He calls the Estates-General which hasn’t been called in hundreds of years 

• Estates is French society divided into 3

  • 1st Estate- wealthy clergy

  • 2nd estate- noble families 

  • 3rd estate- peasants, middle class (bourgeoisie), merchants + had little power 

    • When summoned like everyone else, they suggested to meet as a unified Estate, but denied

• 3rd estate = mad => creates the National Assembly 

  • King gets scared and forces estate 1 & 2 to join them but too late => peasants storm Bastille prison & attack nobility 

  • Adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man- influenced by enlightenment, America, & Rousseau

    • Established France as a nation-state

- France was a revolution cuz they go against their own country’s monarchy for ppl’s freedom

• France completely changes now 

- America was an independence movement cuz they go against an imperial power diff from their own 

• British & US = separate countries 

• 1) Start of a constitutional monarchy (not democracy; that’s for America)

  • Wife of Louis XVI is Marie Antoinette- sister of Emperor of Austria 

  • Austria & Prussia invades France to restore monarchy but French revolutionaries hold them back

• 2) CALL FOR NEW CONSTITUTION NOW

  • The Convention: new ruling body under the NEW constitution that abolished the monarchy + turned France into a republic

    • Led by radicals called Jacobins who imprisoned royal fam. & beheaded them

    • BUT: other european powers are supporting Prussia & Austria

• 3) THROWS AWAY CONSTITUTION -> REIGN OF TERROR

  • Committee of Public Safety- enforces revolution + murders anyone anti-revolutionary 

    • Led by Maximilien Robespierre who became leader of the Jacobins

    • Kept beheading ppl lol = France was eventually sick of it & beheaded HIM

• 4) NEW CONSTITUTION AGAIN

  • The Directory- 5-member executive branch gov. + great @ building up military

  • Napoleon Bonaparte is very popular in military successes + uses his reputation to overthrow the Directory using popular vote

• 5) NAPOLEONIC ERA

  • Napoleonic Codes- equality of French men + very paternalistic 

  • Big military guy who wants glory for France -> so keeps conquering outside nations (Holy Roman Empire, Austria & Prussia, Italy, etc.)

  • BUT, got greedy 

    • Attacks Russia + got baited into Moscow + attacked by Russians there + no housing troops + harsh winter & no home + attacked = French troops die 

  • Napoleon overthrown & exiled & when European powers struggle to decide what to do, THAT FOOL COMES BACK AGAIN FOR POWER

    • Congress of Vienna @ Waterloo- established balance of powers among European powers to avoid another Napoleon

SUMMARY: Absolute Monarchy (Louis XVI) ➡ Constitutional (austria & prussia invades) ➡ Republic of the Convention (rulers beheaded) ➡ Directory (reign of terror & Robespierre) ➡ Consulate/Napoleonic Era

Latin American Revolutions

Context:

• Rise & fall of Napoleon kept Europe busy @ home + allowed their holdings in the Americas to become rebellious 

-> HAITIAN SLAVE REVOLT (Caribbean)

• 1st successful Latin American revolution who gained independence

• French colony in the Caribbean 

• Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture- former slave who led the slave revolt

• Revolution was sparked by French Revolution influence + principles of Enlightenment during the period

-> South America (Spanish Empire)

• When Napoleon invaded Spain, he appointed his brother (Joseph Bonaparte) to the Spanish throne, which led to Spanish authorities in the colonies to be confused on who to be loyal to

  • Colony decides to stay loyal to Spanish king & not recognize the French regime 

• Simon Bolivar (a Creole himself) was educated in Rosseau’s principles and other Enlightenment ideals thru his travels abroad

  • Uses them to help many South American countries gain independence

  • He envisioned something called Gran Colombia, which would be one big country spanning across all of South America, but the independent states would make their own govs

    • His Jamaica Letter emphasized unity and liberty for Latin Americans.

-> Brazil

• Portuguese colony 

• When Portugal was invaded by Napoleon, John VI flees to Brazil in exile, but comes back when Napoleon is defeated

  • Leaves behind his son Pedro, who grew fond of his Brazilian home, and declared its independence as the emperor

  • Pedro II, his son, reformed the country & turned it into a major exporter of coffee + abolished slavery 

-> Mexican War for Independence

• Miguel Hidalgo- Mexican Roman Catholic priest who initiated the war against Spanish colonial rule

• Grito de Dolores'- called for independence + called out social injustices and the need for land reform

• Jose Morelos- picked up after Hildago got executed and continued the cause

• Treaty of Cordoba- officially granted Mexico its independence from Spain

2. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

-> started with none other than GREAT BRITAIN

• Shift of global economic production driven by tech advances & access to natural resources!!

• WHY BRITIAIN?

  • Great Britain had rivers, canals, coal, iron, capital and an empire.

  • Britain will have a huuuuge head start in the Industrial Revolution, but will be copied by rest of Europe

-> AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION PART 2

• 1st agri. revolution was the Neolithic Revolution- shift from hunter-gatherer to settlers

• 2nd Agricultural Revolution- agri. tech advancements led to increased agr. output 

  • New World -> Old World caloric crops 

  • Enclosure- process of wealthy landowners taking public peasant farm land & converting it into private land for increased agriculture 

    • Shift from rural farming to commercial agriculture = led peasants to find urban work + FUELED industrial workforce 

  • Urbanization- growth of cities due to growth of population

Tech Advances of 1st Industrial Revolution

Tech Advances of 2nd Industrial Revolution

- Domestic System- merchants give materials to rural workers (WOMEN) who made goods @ homes

1. TEXTILES 

   1. Flying shuttle

   2. Spinning jenny

   3. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin

2. STEAM (better transportation)

   1. Steam Engine/Locomotive

   2. Steamship

3. OTHERS- telegraph

4. FACTORY SYSTEM- production in large, specialized buildings using power-driven machinery

   1. Reduced time & production costs, more products

      1. Interchangeable parts

      2. Henry’s ford’s assembly line

1. OIL

2. STEEL

3. OTHERS- telephone, radio, & automobiles

ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PHILOSOPHIES

-> New Social Classes:

• New aristocrats- emergence of a emergence of a MIDDLE CLASS & white collar jobs

• New ppl @ bottom of pyramid- working class of factory workers & peasant farmers

-> ECONOMICS

• Adam Smith’s free market system/capitalism- market determined by individuals w/ minimal gov. intervention 

  • Laissez-faire- when gov. removed completely 

• Marxism- idea made by Karl Marx that all of history is a struggle btwn social classes (bourgeoisie/proletariat), where the working class will eventually take over & make a classless society

  • Marx & Friedrich Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto- called for workers to rise up

  • Foundation for socialism & communism

-> SOCIAL REFORMS

• Labor unions (child labor), abolitionism, feminism, education, public health & sanitation

NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS

Unification of Italy

Unification of Germany

Context:

• During this time, Italy was a mess of small kingdoms, controlled by diff. European nations

• ONLY the divided kingdom of Sardinia was Italian controlled

-> Italian Unification 

• Sardinian king Victor Emmanuel II & prime minister Count Camillo Cavour -> strongly believed in Italian nationalism + sided w/ European powers to kick Austria out of Italy 

• Giuseppe Garibaldi- raised army to overthrow kingdom & establish a unified one under Emmanuel

• Final stage- capture of Rome, becoming capital of Italy

Context:

• Thirty Years’ War + Peace of Westphalia, which gave authority to regional states/kingdoms

  • Of which, Prussia was the strongest 

-> German Unification

• As Prussia gets more stronger cuz of industrialization, they want to integrate German regions into empire to rival big European nations

• King of Prussia appoints prime minister Otto von Bismarck to build military & get those territories 

  • Has trouble getting heavily Catholic regions of Germany cuz Catholic Germany vs. Protestant Prussia 

  • Used French aggression as a reason to make Germany ally w/ Prussia + provokes France for war

• Franco-Prussian War- Prussia wins & gets control of the rest of German territories 

  • Crowns William I as emperor of the new German Empire 

-> RUSSIA 

• Gain absolute power through the Romanov czars + serfs had no rights 

• Soon, wanted to get on board w/ industrialization + Enlightenment ideals 

• 1st half of 19th century

  • Alexander II began reforms w/ little improvement

    • Emancipation Edict- abolished serfdom + gave little land to serfs in exchange for lots of to gov.

• 2nd half of 19th century 

  • Small but visible middle class begins to grow

    • Art flourishes- Anna Karenina, Tchaikovsky (Swan Lake & Nutcracker)

  • Alexander II’s reforms too slow = assassinated by intellectual class of politicla group- The People’s Will

• CONSEQUENCE: Alexander III furious

  • Russification- all Russians in the Russian empire (even farawat border ppl) expected to learn Russia & convert to Russian orthodoxy 

    • Attempted to suppress anything anti-Russian

-> WEAKENING OTTOMAN EMPIRE 

• Ottoman Empire declining since the 16th century

  • Constantly fighting Russians for control over Balkan areas, were Russia was always victorious 

  • Greece, Arabia, & Egypt had successful independence movements

• Britiain & France worried that Russia will defeat Ottomans and take over Ottoman-Mediterranean area

  • SO: they support Ottomans & keep them going 

• Ottomans themselves decided to do smth -> Tanzimat Reforms- attempts to modernize themselves + catch up to industrialization + stop empire from collapsing

IMPERIALISM

• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION -> AGE OF IMPERIALISM

  • Industrialized countries had better military & tech to conquer ppl

  • Their factories also needed raw materials & markets to sell to -> COLONIES

-> British solidified its economic influence around the world thru transnational companies/businesess 

• Ex: British-owned Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC), Unilever, etc.

• EUROPEAN JUSTIFICATION

  • 1) Social Darwinism- Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection of the human rance, where the dominant race is white ppl thru the process of “survival of the fittest”

  • 2) White Man’s Burden- poem by Rudyard Kipling claiming that Europeans had a moral obligation to civilize + convert inferior races  

European Imperialism in India

Context:

• 7 Years’ War was fought btwn France & Britain over 3 regions: North American, Europe, & INDIA 

• British East India Company- had exclusive trade rights with India, led by Robert Clive, get rid of the French from the Indian sub-continent 

-> British East India Company’s control over India

• Sepoy Mutiny 

  • Sepoys- Indians who worked for Brits as soldiers to help control the regions better 

    • Getting increasingly alarmed by the company’s desire to gain more land + disregard for local customs

    • After learning that their bullet cartridges were smeared w/ poor/beef fat, which violates BOTH Muslim & Hindu dietary laws, SEPOYS REBELL

  • Rebellion FAILED

  • RESULT: India now under control as a crown colony + last Mughal rulers (Bahadur Shah II) sent to exil, ending Mughal rule 

    • Queen Victoria = empress of India 

• India becomes a model of British imperialism

  • Raw materials flow in, finished goods flow out btwn the nations

  • Urbanization- RR’s, canals, etc.

  • Upper caste indians expected to known English 

  • Spread of CHRISTIANITY 

• Well-educated INDIANS result in forming the => Indian National Congress- platform for Indians to voice their opinions & seek reform under British rule 

  • 1st STEP TO INDEPENDENCE

European Imperialism in China

Context:

• China = very isolatinist for much of history w/ limited trade w/ outsiders 

  • Trade limited to port city of Canton = BRITISH MAD & decides to find another way to get them to trade

-> THE OPIUM WARS

• British introduce opium drug to Chinese & get them addictedddd

  • Manchu ruler alarmed w/ destructive behavior of the drug + bans the drug trade w/ British completely = WAR

• 1st Opium War- fights over opium trade 

  • China forced to sign Treaty of Nanjing- unequal treaty where Britishh forcibly gives themselves right to expand trade w/ China

    • Declared Hong Kong as crown posession

• 2nd Opium- China resists but humiliatingly loses + opening all of China to trade 

NOTE!!!!: British fight over China more because of trade rather than need for colony 

-> Now EVERYONE knows China is weak, including China itself

• Internal rebellions

  • White Lotus Rebellions- led by buddhists who were frustrated w/ taxes + gov. Corruption

  • Taiping Rebellion- major peasant revolt led by a religious guy who thought he was a brother of Jesus, against the Qing rulers 

• Manchu Dynasty falling in front of ppl’s eyes

  • Self-Strengthening Movement- Manchu’s try to get their act together by adopting Western technology while preserving traditional Confucian values (DOESN’T WORK)

• European powers take advantage of this free opportunity 

  • Spheres of influence- multiple European nations increase their presence in China thru military bases, businesses, communication operations (SO NO COLONIES) 

  • US greedy ahh GETS WORRIED that China becomes solely for Europe

    • Open Door Policy- made sure all nations had equal trading privileges w/ China + US recognizes China as a sovereign nation 

      • Made to prevent any single nation from getting full trade control

• Chinese Nationalism

  • Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists/Boxers

    • Anti-manchu/european/christian Chinese ppl that respond to Macnhy government’s defeats & Western Powers + Japan

    • Boxer Rebellion- anti-foreign nationalist sentiment (UNSUCCESSFUL)

  • RESULT: complete dismantling of Manchu Dynasty & crumbling of Chinese culture 

European Imperialism in Africa

Context:

• After the Industrial Revolution, Europe had little interest in Africa compared to the rest of the world

• The Age of Exploration led to European trade in coastal African regions + usage of slave trade 

  • As slave trade ends due to Enlightenment ideas, Europe finally turns their attention to the African continent itself, bringing tyranny to their HOMELAND

-> SOUTH AFRICA

• Dutch arrived 1st to settle Cape Town as a stopping point for ships on the way from Europe to India 

• Known as South African Dutch, or Boers (who speak their own distinct language- Afrikans)

  • British take over Cape Town, so Boers move to interior of SF- transvaal

• Boers discover gold & diamonds in the transvaal & greedy-ahh British want that for themselves now

  • Boer War- SF Dutch vs. Britain; Britain wins 

• South Africa = British colony 

-> EGYPT

• Part of the weak Ottoman Empire during the time Napoleon tried attacking Egypt 

  • Muhammad Ali defeated the French AND the Ottomans, gaining NEAR-INDEPENDENCE + individual control over Egypt 

    • Egypt still was part of Ottoman Empire, but Ali had almost all the power 

• Ali’s Goal -> WESTERNIZE & MODERNIZE EGYPT

  • Industrialized Egypt & focused agriculture on cotton production, which was exported to British factories

  • Suez Canal- allowed merchants to no longer have to go around Africa’s Cape of Good Hope + cut MARITIME ROUTE time 

    • British NEEDED this canal cuz of its Indian colony -> controlled the canal + made Egypt its protectorate where Egypt still holds its own political power 

-> BUT WAIT!!! OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WANT A PIECE OF AFRICA TOO!!!! 

• BERLIN CONFERENCE- meeting of European powers to regulate colonization and trade in Africa

  • Hosted by Otto von Bismarck 

  • Start of Scramble for Africa- rapid colonization of the African continent by European powers

• Europe vs. Britain

  • Unlike other European nations who colonized, Britain DIDN’T have direct control over their colonies as they were busy w/ India & British spheres of influence in China 

  • Also allowed them to rule themselves + practice traditional customs 

JAPANESE IMPERIALISM

Context:

• Japan’s isolationist policies due to the Tokugawa period where foreign trade & contact was limited 

-> Everything CHANGES

• Arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry from the US on steamboats, unlike anything the Japanese ever saw

• Japan hit w/ realization that their isolation caused them to be very BEHIND

• JAPAN INDUSTRIALIZES NOW NOW NOW!!!

  • Emperor Meiji restored to power, ending shogun rule

    • marks end of Tokugawa Shogunate + start of modern, centralized, imperial Japan

• Meiji Restoration Period 

  • Era of Japanese westernization 

  • Goal of a creating a national identity through military campaigns/wins

  • Japanese industrial revolution was QUICK, now @ same level as US & Europe 

  • Japan = another imperial power 

    • Defeats China in a war for control over Korea & Taiwan

US Foreign Policy 

Context:

• The waves of independence movements in Latin America led to Europe losing presence there 

-> US takes this opportunity

• Worried about Europe recolonizing the Americas again, president Monroe declare the Monroe Doctrine- claiming that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to Europeans 

  • This led to Europe investing in Latin American businesses, BUT not making territorial claims 

    • But Europe eventually sends warships to demand from Venezuela = Theodore Roosevelt is mad

• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine- US would intervene in financial disputes between Europe & Latin American countries to keep peace 

  • Latin Americans benefit from protection but can see that US starts their own imperialism

    • Panama Canal- US wanted their maritime transits to be shorters so they encouraged Panama to declare independence from Colombia, so US can have right to build the canal

• Spanish-American War- US sympathized w/ Cuba & Puerto Rico to gain independence from Spain, defeated Spain

  • Gained control of Guam, Puerto Rico, & Philippines 

    • Cuba was given its independence but US had some political power over Cuban affairs thru the Platt Amendment 

• RESULT: US now considered to be among the world powers!!