LT

unit 1 a&p

Homeostasis

  • The body’s way of keeping things balanced and stable (like temperature, water, and energy).

Differentiation

  • When cells become specialized to do certain jobs (like muscle cells, nerve cells).

Receptors

  • Sensors in the body that detect changes (like nerves sensing heat).

Effectors

  • Parts of the body that carry out a response (like muscles shivering to warm you up).

Supine 

  • Lying face up.

Prone

  • Lying face down.

Superior

  • Toward the head; above.

Inferior

  • Toward the feet; below

Superficial 

  • Near the surface of the body.

Deep 

  • Away from the surface; further inside.

Proximal

  • Closer to where a limb attaches to the body.

 Distal

  • Farther from where a limb attaches to the body.

Medial 

  • Toward the middle of the body.

Lateral 

  • Toward the side of the body.

Anterior 

  • Toward the front.

Posterior

  • Toward the back.

Frontal 

  • Divides the body into front and back.

Sagittal

  • Divides the body into left and right.

Transverse

  • Divides the body into top and bottom.

Dorsal

  • Back body cavity (includes brain and spinal cord).

Ventral 

  • Front body cavity (includes chest and abdomen).

Cranial

  • Space inside the skull for the brain.

Spinal

  • Space inside the backbone for the spinal cord.

Brachial

  • Arm

Cervical

  • Neck

Femoral

  • Thigh

Orbital

  • Eye area

Pedal

  • Foot

Pectoral

  • Chest

Cephalic

  • Relating to the head region

angular cut: oblique section

lengthwise cut: longitudinal section

cutting across: cross section

vital sign: observed bodily functions that reflect a persons metabolic activities

hyponatremia: body low on salt (hypo - low, natremia - salt)

integumentary system: body covering (skin, hair, nails, sweat glands), protects underlying issues and regulates temperature

skeletal system: bones, ligaments, cartilage, providing the body’s structural framework

muscular system: muscles of the body, stabilizes joints, generates heat

nervous system: brain and spinal cord, coordinates all of the bodies activities

endocrine system: glands = pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes, glands and other organs produce and release hormones

digestive system: mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine including colon and rectum, breakdown of food (digestion), absorption

circulatory system: heart and blood vessels with arteries, veins, capillaries, transports materials throughout the body

lymphatic system: lymph fluids/nodes, fights infections

urinary system: kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, and the urethra, filters wastes from the blood

reproductive system: internal/external genitalia, produce egg and sperm

respiratory system: lungs, trachea, gas exchange, oxygen, removing carbon dioxide

negative feedback loop: self regulatory mechanism where system reduces a process to maintain stability and homeostasis (ex: body maintaining blood sugar levels)

positive feedback loop: amplify or increase the occurrence of events

ex of positive feedback loop: childbirth where contractions trigger hormone release that strengthens contractions, milk increasing in mothers for the baby to eat

negative feedback loop: self regulatory mechanism where system reduces a process to maintain stability and homeostasis (ex: body maintaining blood sugar levels)