Blood botes
The precursor cell of all types of blood cells is a stem cell.
Basic components
Plasma 55%
formed elements 45%
Buffy coat 1% (white blood cells and platelets).
The one that makes up the most of those formed elements is RBCs
The PH of blood is 7.35-7.45.
A major component of plasma are proteins.
Albumin is in plasma and helps regulate fluid volume
carries C02.
Hemophilia is an inherited chromosome that is usually carried by the mother.
Your spleen acts like a reservoir for blood.
RBCs are also called erythyrocytes
they deliver oxygen
and remove C02
As your RBC levels increase, so will your oxygen levels.
Erythropoiesis (synthesis of RBCs) is maintained through negative feedback and takes 3-5 days.
Hemopoiesis means production of blood
hematopoietic tissue (2 types)
red bone marrow
and lymphatic tissue.
Red bone marrow
found in the ends of your long bones, flat, and irregular bones.
Long bones include: femur, tibia, humorous, sternum, pelvis.
Lymphatic tissue is found in your spleen.
Hematopoietic tissue and lymphatic tissue are both responsible for WBC production and maturing.
An immature erythrocyte is called reticulocyte.
An erythrocytes normal lifespan is 120 days.
A single drop of blood contains 5 million Erythrocytes (red blood cells).
the red blood cell is shaped that way because it does not have a nucleus.
Reticulocytes mature in 1-2 days.
vitamins that are necessary for the synthesis of DNA of RBC production: (2)
B12 from the extrinsic factor
B9 which is folic acid
Sickle Cell Anemia:
to develop it both parents have to have the trait for it.
Bone marrow transplant is your long term intervention
HNH (Hemoglobin and hematocrit)
Hemoglobin normals on a female is 12-16
male is 13-18.
However, this can vary from hospital to hospital.
Hematocrit is about 3 times higher than your hemoglobin,
normal for a female would be 37-48% for a female and 45-52% for a male
RBCs
for a female is 4.2-5.4
males are 4.6-6.2.
More than 1 third of the interior of RBCs is filled with hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin
is the red pigment that gives blood its color
you need to have a diet rich in iron to increase hemoglobin.
can carry 4 oxygen molecules
Hemoglobin recycling:
Iron portion transports it to bone marrow and to create new hemoglobin.
Erythropoetin
a hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to hypoxia
The medication you will be given would be erythropoietin/ epogen, to improve RBC production and oxygen levels.
The breakdown of red blood cells:
Hemolysis is the destruction of RBCs.
If you use too small of a needle or draw it too fast you can kill all of the RBCs in your blood sample (hemolyisis)
Pernicious anemia
a deficiency in B12
. So, your stomach would not be producing enough intrinsic factor, leading to low B12.
Bilirubin is excreted by the liver into bile to be eliminated in the feces.
is what gives the stool a brownish color.
Physiological Jaundice - immature liver.
Blood doping
what some athletes do by taking blood transfusions,injections of EPO, or synthetic oxygen characters;
can cause polycythemia (to many blood cells).
CBC with diff (Complete blood count with differential).
Differential is looking at the different stages of white blood cells.
Leukemia is cancer of the bone marrow.
Neutrophils are the first to go to an infection,
this is where your phagocytes live to eat the pathogens and they focus on bacterial and fungal infections.
Eosinophils
are allergies
will react to parasite
Basophils
secrete histamines and heparin to prevent clotting
Lymphocytes
are an agranulocyte and are responsible for long term immunity.
WBC Natural killer cells
capable of killing cancer cells.
Platelets are called thrombocytes
is the second most abundant formed element
key role is hemostasis (clotting).
The first stage of hemostasis is vascular spasm
Then you have the formation of the platelet plug formed by sticky platelets.
Formation of a blood clot:
After injury the platelets respond to exposed collagen and stick.
Calcium is needed for clotting.
You need vitamin K for clotting (this is one of our fat soluble vitamins)
Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin into fibrinogen then into fibrin.
Fibrin is the most important contribution to a clot providing a framework for new tissue to be built.
Prothrombin and fibrinogen are created by the liver.
Fibrinolysis:
after the vessel is healed it converts inactive plasma protein into plasmin
this works to dissolve the fibrin mesh work and break up the clot.
A blood clot when it starts moving turns into an embolism.
antidote for heparin is protamine sulfate.
generic name for Elequis is apixaban.
Blood types: (A,B,O).
universal donor is O-,
type A can only receive A
O, B can only receive B
O, AB is the universal recipient
O can only receive O blood.
Antibodies are our natural fighters or protectors.
If you get a transfusion reaction from mismatched blood you can get serious kidney damage from free hemoglobin in the blood.
RH factor is positive or negative
a positive person can take negative blood
RH negative people can only receive negative blood.
The patient is presenting with vasoocclusive crisis,
could have severe pain, fever, and priapism (erection that won't go away).
If a patient is on Warfarin
labs you need to check are PTINR.
you should tell them not to eat dark leafy greens because they have tons of vitamin K.
Number 48 ON TEST: is C LOOK FOR HIGHER ALTITUDE.
HOTSPOTS:
Red blood cells, oxygen, heme molecule, globin molecule,