APUSH Period 4 Review (1800-1848)

Presidencies

FIRST PARTY SYSTEM (1790-1815): FEDERALISTS VS. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) Democratic Republican

• First Democratic-Republican president, “revolution of 1800”.

• Purchased Louisiana in attempts to settle foreign dispute. 

• Sent the Lewis and Clark expedition to establish trade and good will with American Indians, find a practical route, and bring back samples of animals and plants. 

• Passed the Embargo Act, as Great Britain and France continued to target neutral American ships, cut off trade with GB and France.

James Madison (1809-1812) Democratic Republican

• Led America into the War of 1812, the US didn’t win it was a draw, but they still stood up to GB. 

• Hartford Convention where New England states (Federalists) wanted to succeed from the union due to war of 1812, seen as traitors. 

• Treaty of Ghent in 1814 ends the war, and creates attempts between GB and the US at resolution.

• Henry Clay proposes the American System in attempts to revive many of Hamilton’s ideas. 

• In 1816 Madison passes the recharter of the National Bank, and the protective tariff (high tariff to protect eastern industry), war made him realize the country needed to establish stronger manufacturing and finance. In 1817 Madison vetoes the Bonus Bill that would fund roads, he doesn’t want to spend money on internal improvements. 

START OF ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS (1815-1828): DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS

James Monroe (1817-1825) Democratic Republican

• Start of Era of Good Feelings (ONLY Democratic Republican party), Missouri Compromise in 1820 made where Missouri comes in as a slave state, and Maine came in as a free state.  

• Monroe Doctrine established in 1823, limiting the influence of European powers on US territory: No new colonies, America is for Americans, European interference could mean war. 

John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) National Republican

• Election of 1824 “corrupt bargain”, Andrew Jackson supporters were mad since there was no clear majority in the election, house picked JQA and Henry Clay as Secretary of state. 

SECOND PARTY SYSTEM (1828-1832): NATIONAL REPUBLICANS VS. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS

Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) Democratic Republican

• 2nd Party system established, formation of the Democratic Party. Very imperial president. 

• Tariff of abominations established to discredit JQA, very high tax on goods. 

• 1832 presented the nullification crisis, and the Natives sued because they were ensured land, that was being taken in attempts at westward expansion (Worchester Vs. Georgia). Also vetoes the renewal of the bank, thinking it only honored select group. 

• 1830-1835 Indian removal Act enforced, giving Indians more permanent settlement in Oklahoma, preventing their interference in westward expansion. 

• In 1833 the Whig party formed out of the Federalists party. The force bill was established, sending troops to North Carolina to enforce the Compromise Tariff (the gradual decrease of tariff).

WHIGS VS. DEMOCRATS (1832-1854)

Martin Van Buren “Martin Van Ruin” (1837-1839) Democratic Repub.

• 1838-1839 was the trail of tears, where Native American tribes were tragically removed, showing the failure of the US to honor their compromises.

• Species circular was established in 1836, stating that loans payed back must be backed up by hard metals, this led to panic.  

• State banks were put in place, the panic of 1837 led to defeat of Martin Van Buren, trading issues with GB. 

William Henry Harrison (1841-1841) Whig

•  Election of 1840: Democrats Vs. Whigs showdown!!

• Whigs ran their war hero, William Henry Harrison for the presidency, and he won with his hard cider campaign. 

John Tyler (1841-1845) Democrat

• 1845 Tyler annexed Texas (Texas Annexation), after the winning of the Texas Revolution. 

James K Polk (1845-1849) Democrat

1846-1848 Mexican American War.

Thematic Notes

Market Revolution: A movement increasing national factories, and consumerism. 

Changes to society caused by the market revolution, contribute to Second Great Awakening: 

• Market revolution going on in society, people working in factories and supporting extreme consumerism. The Second Great Awakening questioned the consumerism.

• People then began moving west due to the mysterious element, seeking religion to make sense of this mystery.

Entrepreneurs helped in creating Market Revolution through innovation: 

• Samuel Slater went to Great Britain to study their revolutionary textile industries. The factory plans were memorized, and ultimately a textile mill was created in Rhode Island. 

• The Waltham operation put the many aspects of textile production under one roof to mass produce cloth, and turn it into clothing. 

• Samuel Morse then created the telegraph (morse code) which made for easy cross-country communication, businesses especially communicated. 

• John Deere created the steel plow that replaced the wooden plow, able to cut through soil, especially in the midwest, increasing the total crop yield. 

• McCormick created the mechanical reaper which increased the crop yield by making the process of cutting down grain such as wheat much more efficient. 

• Eli Whitney created the cotton gin, aswell as interchangeable parts first with guns, standardized parts were created to do more efficient, mass production and distribution. 

• Robert Fulton created the first steamboat to allow for up-river travel, meaning easier transportation of goods such as cotton. 

• Baldwin then created the first locomotive company in Pennsylvania, which was a major producer of steel. 

Legislation and judicial systems supporting transportation developments, enlarging markets, and regional interdependence:

• First main road was through Pennsylvania in the 1800’s, Lancaster Turnpike, long-distanced and paved. 

• Federal government stepped in to help in the creation of the Cumberland road, highway.

• The state of New York invested alot into the creation of the Eerie Canal, which connected the Hudson river, atlantic, then Great Lakes. Significantly expanded markets. 

• Northeastern: Shipped textiles, clothing, and farming machinery.

• Midwest: Grain, cattle, industrial goods.

• American System by Henry Clay advocated for the protective tariff of 1816 to protect industry.

• States were given the right to let many companies build transportation through Charles River Bridge Vs. Warren Bridge.  

Increasing numbers of Americans began working in factories, they no longer relied on semi-subsistence agriculture:

• Factory systems, and increased numbers of employees slowly replaced the occupation of farmers.

• In order to avoid the worst aspects of British factories, Lowell mill was created as a planned industrial town in Massachusetts. Women were recruited to work in the factory, and live where they worked, even through poor conditions and low wages. 

Growth of manufacturing through the Market Revolution drove an increase in the living standards for some, creating a larger middle class: 

• Huge income gap between the rich and poor was created, very distinct social and economic hierarchies. 

• Top percentage owned most of the national wealth, and the middle class became much more prominent, working in banks, and law.

• Very few in the south owned plantations with 100+ slaves (plantation aristocracy)

• The working man’s party formed in Philly in 1828, and New York in 1829, protesting conditions on the political level.

In response to the Market Revolution, gender and family roles underwent change, seperating public and private spheres distinctly:

• The cult of domesticity replaced the ideal of republican motherhood, women became the light and guardian of the home, and modeled purity, domesticity, and submissiveness to men. This ideal was never materialized, simply just “there”.

• Lydia Marie Child wrote for more women’s rights, and was also an abolitionist. The Grimke Sisters grew up in a slave-owning family, and became prominent figures in both the abolitionist and women’s rights movements. 

International and national commercial ties were developed through the thriving southern cotton industry, aswell as the various northern industries: 

• The Yankee Traders were located in Boston and New England ports, and they were helping to trade products nationally. 

• The whaling and fishing industry was very popular in the northeast, utilizing the whale blubber for oil. 

• Southerners used the term ‘king cotton’ suggesting there would be no war becuase the north relied on the south for cotton. 

• Protective tariffs were proposed, because of the northern reliance on the southern cotton. 

• Treaty of Wanghia in 1844 was US trade agreements with several countries (mainly China), who gave them favored trading status. 

The south continued to rely on production and export of traditional agricultural staples, this gave them distinct regional identity:

• South experiences very slow urban growth, with limited major port cities such as Baltimore. (urban growth in northeast and west).

• Planter aristocracy was developed in the south, leaving a very limited percentage of southerners at the top of society. 

• Coastal states sold slaves to the south, seeing that the soil was being depleated from tobacco cultivation.

Plans made to further unify the US economy generated over how policies would benefit agriculture and industry:

• Henry Clay made the early proposal to recharter the national bank through the American System, also created to place protective tariff, and internal improvements such as roads and canals, but Madison vetoes the bonus bill. 

• Jackson vetoed Maysville road Bill, internal improvements hard to fund since south used rivers for transport. 

• Madison wanted to recharter bank in 1816, but Jackson only believed it benefitted the north, this was the debate over the Second Bank. 

Westward Expansion: America sought to grow their influence, and expand to new land. 

Immigrants come in from many regions, while many Americans were moving west of the Appalachians:

• Irish came over in 1840s due to the potato famine, and although the US conditions were bad, they were better than the poverty and famine in Ireland. Settled in New England, worked on farms. 

• Germans came in 1840s because of many failed revolutions in Germany, se3ttled in coast with many working in factories, and some working on railroads and canals.

The US sought influence throughout North America through a variety of means:

• John O’sullivan coined term manifest destiny, highlighting that it was America’s right to spread culture, democracy and influence from sea to shining sea. 

• Louisiana Purchase showed their attempts at expansion through peaceful agreement.

• Lewis and Clark expedition was expansion through exploration.

• Rush Bagot Treaty de-militarized the great lakes, between US and GB to ensure limited military vessels on the lakes. 

• US bought Florida from Spain through Adams Onis Treaty, definig “new Spain” borders. 

• Monroe doctrine was statement to Europe to not regain colonies, and to let the US spread their influence. 

• Webster Ashburton Treaty sets peaceful border between the US and Canada. 

• Oregon dispute (54 40’ or fight) British and American dispute over Oregon border, led to Oregon Treay granting British Vancouver Island. 

• Texas established their own country separate from Mexico, Texans appealed to US to be annexed, instead of continuing under Mexican rule. Led to Mexican American War. 

Frontier settlers contnued expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to conflict:

• Tecumseh created a confederacy in 1808, this came into conflict in war of 1812, British armed Tecumseh to fight against Americans. 

• Americans defeated Tecumseh with war hero William Henry Harrison in the battle of tippecanoe in Indiana, where Tecumseh was warned of the strong US army. 

• Andrew Jackson forced American Indians to more permanent settlements in Georgia, Florida, and Oklahoma in order expand west. 

• Cherokee were brutally removed in Trail of Tears. 

• Seminoles in Florida waged series of wars against US, had success at first, then forced away. 

Overcultivation depleated land in the southeast, slaveholders relocated to more fertile land west of Appalachians: 

• Hearty-cotton (short-staple cotton) was cultivated in the south, much harder to pick, but cotton gin made it much easier. 

• Slave trade is grown domestically, it is very profitable. 

The Second Great Awakening: The reaction to rationalism and Deism, and a fear of the Market Revolution.

Second Great Awakening began, influencing moral and social reform, inspiring utopian and other religious movements:

• Charles Finney spread idea that people are full of sin, and preached the idea of perfectionism at camps. 

• Joseph Smith begins Mormonism in Illinois, claiming that an angel brought him the book of Mormon, 

• Motivated by religion and perfection, movement towards utopian communities was encouraged, especially established in western and rural areas. 

• Shakers shook sin out of their bodies, and believed in no reproduction or sexual activity. 

• Dorthea Dix commited herself to prison reform, especially in Massachutess, especially for mentally ill prisoners. 

• John Noyes created Oneida community, focusing on comunal living, and total control over all sexual practices. 

• Social reform movements led to formation fo American Temperance Society in 1826, to get alcohol abolished.