Chapter 5 AP World

Chapter 5

The Industrial Revolution

• The process by which states transitioned from primarily agrarian economies to industrial economies (By hand to made by machine)

  • Changed the worlds balance of political power, reordered societies, made industrial nations rich

  • Started in great britain in 1750

    • Proximity to waterways

    • Rivers

    • Canals

    • It was an Island

    • Geographical distribution of coal and iron

      • Had massive production of coal underneath their soil

      • Led to the increased efficiency in the production of iron

      • Used the iron to construct machines, railroads, etc.

    • Abundant access to foreign resources

      • Timber from USA, cotton from India

    • Improved agricultural productivity

    • Prior to this, Europe experienced agricultural revolution

      • Crop rotation

      • Seed drill

    • Columbian Exchange

      • Foods that diversified diets that made their lives healthier

    • Rapid Urbanization

      • Less people were needed to work

    • Legal protection of private property

      • Protection of entrepreneurs who had taken risks to start new businesses

      • They felt safe enough to risk their investments for their new business

    • Accumulation of Capital

  • The factory system

    • A place where goods for sales were produced by massive machines

    • Many factories concentrated production in a single location

  • The water frame, the spinning jenny were all machines that helped industrialized

  • Workers were performing one action again which made them easily replaceable unlike artisans before machines were invented

The Spread of Industrialization

• The effect of steam power

  • Steam engine

    • A machine that converted fossil fuel into mechanical energy

    • Meant a factory could have been built anywhere

    • Added into ships

      • Mass produced goods could be transported further and faster

  • Shifting world economies

    • Eastern/Southern Europe slowly adopted the industrialization because they lacked 

      • Abundant coal deposits

      • Were land locked

      • Hindered by historically powerful groups

  • Europe mainly gained manufacturing wealth rather than other places

  • Decline of textile production in Egypt and India decreased because of mass-produced cheap textiles from Britain

  • The british forced Egypt and India to make ships for the royal navy

  • Industrialized Nations compared

    • After 1850, France began to adopt industrialized technologies slower due to lack of coal and Iron

    • Napoleon laid foundation due to his invention of the Quentin Canal that connected Paris with the iron and coal fields of the north

      • Construction of railroads

      • Led to the construction of textile machines which created a significant cotton industry and revived their failed silk industry

      • Although France was slower, it saved itself from social upheavals unlike Britain

    • After the U.S. Civil War, The US industrialized real fast

      • Massive territory

      • Political stability after war

      • Rapid population growth

    • Russia

      • Railroad and Steam Engine technologies

      • Construction of the Trans-siberian railroad

        • Significant increase in trade

      • It yielded brutal conditions for workers

      • Eventually lead to the Russian Revolution

    • Japan

      • Declining in power as western power climbed up

      • China was getting knocked around by western powers

      • Meiji Restoration

        • Borrowed heavily from western education, technology, etc. -> became a big power

Technology of the Industrial Age

• Fuels and Engines

  • First Industrial Revolution (Great Britain)

    • From 1750-1830

    • Coal was the main fuel

    • The steam engine meant that machines no longer had to be powered by rapidly moving water in streams, which meant factories could be built anywhere, it became the primary reason for the rapid spread of the factory system.

    • Locomotives

    • Steam engines in ships

    • The suez canal made the distance of Europe to Asia decline significantly

  • Second Industrial Revolution (Europe, U.S., Japan)

    • From 1870 to 1914

    • Oil

      • Internal Combustion Engine

        • Smaller and more efficient than Steam engine

        • Eventually develop transportation (automobile)

      • Both Coal and Oil dramatically increased that amount of energy available to humans during this period even if it came with air pollution

    • Steel

      • Compared to iron in the first revolution

      • The Bessemer Process combined iron with carbon and blasted hot air into it

      • The steel emerged from the Bessemer process was far stronger and versatile than iron alone

      • Became cheaper to produce bridges, railroads, ships

    • Chemical Engineering

      • Synthetic dyes were developed for textiles

      • Vulcanization was a process developed to make rubber harder and more durable

      • Rubber was widely used for belts and machines; will be later used to make tires for automobiles

    • Electricity

      • Electric streetcars and subways were developed to provide mass transit in major cities that were becoming large and complex

    • Telegraph

      • Developed by Samuel morse in the 1840s

      • Morse Code

    • Effects of New technology

      • Development of interior Regions

      • Increase in trade and migration

      • Global trade multiplied by a factor of ten between 1850 and 1913

      • States across the world were becoming more interlinked to a global economy

      • Famine and political instability in the late 19th century had Europeans migrated to the Americas, Australia, and South Africa

Government Sponsored Industrialization

• Egyptian Industrialization

  • Was part of the ottoman empire in the early 19th century

  • Operated independently thanks to its powerful military government

  • Ottoman empire was struggling and declining due to internal corruption and conflicts

  • Muhammad Ali helped Egypt take steps towards industrialization on its own

    • Tanzimat Reforms

      • Industrial Projects (textiles and weapons built)

      • Agriculture (government purchased crops to be sold in world market)

      • Tariffs (taxes on imported goods)

  • Great Britain wasn’t proud to see Egypt growing 

    • Crossing Egypt was the quickest way to access trade in Asia

    • Britain intervened with the was between Egypt and the Ottomans 

    • Forced egypt to remove the tariffs and other such barriers

    • Egypt slowed industrialization after this 

  • Japan

    • During the Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan had almost completely isolated itself from the Western influence

    • Left a singular port open to Dutch traders

    • Japan witnessed Western powers dominating other Asian states

    • Matthew Perry arrived in japan with fleets of steam-powered ships filled with guns

      • Demanded that Japan opens trade with the states

    • Starting industrialization to defend itself against Western domination

    • Meiji Restoration

      • Adopted Industrialization practices to avoid western domination

      • CULTURE: Japan sent emissaries to learn about their technology, culture, and Education systems, political agreements and implemented it to their states

      • Government: Japan established a constitution provided for an elected parliament

      • Infrastructure: The state funded railroads, banking houses, industrial factories

The first industrial revolution technology

• James Watt creating the steam engine

• Locomotives

• Steamship

• Iron

The second industrial revolution technology

• Gasoline

• Steel

• Internal Combustion Engine

• Thomas Edison

• Incandescent light bulb

• Electric streetcar

• Telegraph

• Electricity

• Suez Canal

• Synthetic Dyes

• Rubber Vulcanization

Effects of Tech

Bessemer Process

Iron could be converted into steel which is way more stronger than iron

The Economics of the Industrial Revolution

• Previous mercantilism(state driven economics)

• Adam Smith

  • Criticized mercantilist policies as coercive and beneficial to only the elite part of society.

  • Called for free markets free from state intrusion

  • Believed the benefit of the individual would benefit the whole society

  • After 1815, several western governments abandoned some of their state regulations on trade which resulted in increased trade and greater wealth thus proving Smith right

• Transnational Business: A company that is established and controlled in one country but also establishes large operations in other countries

  • Unilever Corporation: a joint company owned by the british and the Dutch that sold soap

  • New practices

    • Stock markets

    • Limited liability corporations

• The Industrial Revolution

  • Better tech

    • More factories

    • Growing working class

      • Government efforts at reform

      • Form labor unions

      • Universal male entrage

    • Less need for unskilled labor

    • Women and children exited the workforce

      • Children go to school

      • Mens wages were increased

      • Parent/child relationship became more about affection

      • Women become housewives

        • Lose their economical/social status

        • They don't have income

        • Forced into marriage

        • Forced into prostitution

        • FEMINIST MOVEMENT

    • Faster production of goods

    • Consumer society

  • Need for resources

    • Further colonization

    • Economic imperialism

    • Further urbanization

      • Need to clean cities

      • Need to increase housing

      • Need for infrastructure

Business/Financial Innovations

• Banks and the credit system needed to expand

• Formation of corporations, some of them transnational

• Stocks and stock markets became common