Skeletal System Test Review v2

Functions of system (5) (what are they?)

1. Support: Provides structural support for the body and its organs.

2. Protection: Surrounds and protects vital organs, such as the brain and spinal cord.

3. Movement: Serves as attachment points for muscles, allowing for body movement.

4. Storage: Stores minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, for metabolic use.

5. Blood Cell Formation: Hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow, producing blood cells.

Classification (define and give example)

axial skeleton

• The central skeleton (including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.)

appendicular skeleton

• The extremities (arms and legs)

compact bone

• Dense and hard outer layer of bone

spongy bone

• Porous and less dense inner layer of bone

long bones

• Long bones, mostly compact bone (femur, humerus)

flat bones

• Thin, flattened, and usually curved (skull bones, ribs)

short bones

• Roughly cube-shaped, mostly spongy bone (carpals, tarsals)

irregular bones

• Have complex shapes that don't fit into other categories (vertebrae, hip bones)

Structure (recognize and describe)

diaphysis

• The shaft or long main portion of a bone

periosteum

• A tough membrane covering the outer surface of bones.

epiphysis

• The end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft

articular cartilage

• Tissue covering the ends of bones at joints

epiphyseal line

• The line left when growth stops in adulthood

epiphyseal plate

• Growth plate in bones that allows them to grow longer, especially during childhood and adolescence

medullary cavity

• The central hollow part of a bone where marrow is stored.

  • Red marrow makes blood cells, and yellow marrow stores fat

Microscopic Anatomy (recognize and describe)

osteocyte

• Mature bone cell

lacunae

• Small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

lamellae

• Layers of bone matrix

central canal

• Canal in the center of osteons, containing blood vessels and nerves

osteon

• Structural unit of compact bone

perforating canals

• Channels that extend from the periosteum to the central canal

Bone Growth and Remodeling (define and understand how process occurs)

osteoblasts

• Builders of bone, they help in bone formation

osteoclasts

• Break down bone, playing a role in bone remodeling/breakdown

parathyroid hormone

• Regulates blood calcium levels

hypercalcemia

• Too much calcium in the blood

Hypocalcemia

• Too little calcium in the blood

Bone Fractures (recognize and define)

comminuted

• Bone is broken into multiple fragments

impacted

• One fragment is driven into another

transverse

• Break occurs at a right angle to the bone

oblique

• Break occurs at an angle to the bone

spiral

• Break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied

greenstick

• Incomplete break, common in children, where the bone is bent and only partially broken

Joints (recognize and give example)

plane joint

• Allows for sliding or gliding movements

  • Ex: Carpals

hinge joint

• Allows for movement in one plane, like a hinge

  • Ex: Elbow, knee

pivot joint

• Allows for rotation around an axis

  • between radius and ulna

saddle joint

• Allows for movement in two plane

  • Ex: Thumb

ball and socket joint

• Allows for the most movement, with a spherical head fitting into a cup-like socket

  • Ex: Hip, shoulder