Chapter 25: Europe and the World, 1870-1914

• Three Emperors League
  • Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia joined
  • Germany challenged the English naval power
  • Austria-Hungary lacked an industrial base and ethnic diversity
  • Russia wanted warm water port in the Mediterranean Sea
• The Ottoman Empire was on the verge of collapsing
• The Balkans were ruled by a mixture of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
• The Alliance System was unstable
  • German needed to be on good terms with Russia due to Franco-German tensions
  • English had to keep their naval superiority due to their dependency on imports
  • Russia abandoned Serbian nationalism
  • The Ottomans kept Constantinople
  • Dual Alliance was a strong alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary due to the weakening Russian loyalty
  • Italy joined the Dual Alliance in 1882, making it the Triple Alliance
  • Bulgaria and Serbia started another Balkan Crisis in 1885
• A “new imperialism” was brought forth from 1870-1914
  • Characterized by industrialization, intensification, increased technology
  • Greater sense of national prestige
• Germany, France, and England were in direct competition for Africa
• India was the center of British foreign policy
• Opium War (1839-1842)
  • China was forced to accept opium trade
• Boxer Rebellion (1900)
  • Peasant unrest turned into open rebellion
  • Europeans had limited forces and therefore couldn’t control the population
  • Showed need for indirect rule

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