Hamlet notes
ACT 1
1. Where does Scene I take place? At what hour?
Scene I of Act I takes place at midnight on the guard platform at Elsinore Castle in Denmark.
2. What does the Ghost look like? What does it do and say?
The Ghost resembles the late King Hamlet, dressed in full armor. It appears solemn and refuses to speak to the guards, leaving them fearful and curious about its purpose.
3. What are the soldiers doing? Why? What do they discuss?
The soldiers are on watch, guarding the castle due to the threat of an invasion by Prince Fortinbras of Norway. They discuss the appearance of the Ghost, its resemblance to the late king, and the political tensions with Norway.
4. How did King Fortinbras of Norway lose his lands?
King Fortinbras of Norway lost his lands to King Hamlet in a battle, as part of a legal agreement that the winner would claim the loser’s territory.
5. Why is Prince Fortinbras becoming aggressive?
Prince Fortinbras is seeking to reclaim the lands his father lost to King Hamlet. He is raising a small army to attack Denmark as revenge and to restore his family’s honor.
6. When does the Ghost disappear? Why?
The Ghost disappears at the break of dawn, as it cannot remain in the earthly realm during daylight.
Scene II
1. How does Hamlet feel about the King and Queen?
Hamlet is resentful toward King Claudius, whom he views as a corrupt and unworthy successor to his father. He is also deeply disappointed with Queen Gertrude, his mother, for marrying Claudius so soon after King Hamlet’s death. He sees this as a betrayal and an act of weakness.
2. How does Claudius deal with Fortinbras’ threat of aggression?
Claudius writes to the King of Norway (Fortinbras’ uncle), informing him of Prince Fortinbras’ plans to invade Denmark. He requests the Norwegian king to rein in his nephew, trusting that the elder king will put a stop to the threat.
3. What does Laertes want? Why is the King willing to grant it?
Laertes wants to return to France, where he had been before attending Claudius’ coronation. The King grants his request because Laertes is respectful and Claudius wishes to appear magnanimous.
4. What does Claudius ask of Hamlet?
Claudius asks Hamlet to stop mourning his father and to see him as a new father. He also insists that Hamlet stay in Denmark rather than returning to Wittenberg for his studies, hoping to keep Hamlet under control and avoid suspicion.
5. What will accompany each toast drunk in Denmark that day? What does Hamlet think of it?
With each toast, cannons will be fired in celebration. Hamlet disapproves, considering it a vulgar and excessive display that tarnishes Denmark’s reputation among other nations.
6. Why is Hamlet so depressed?
Hamlet is depressed due to his father’s recent death, his mother’s hasty remarriage to Claudius, and his deep disillusionment with the world, which he sees as corrupt and meaningless. He expresses his feelings in his first soliloquy, where he contemplates the futility of life.
Scene III
1. How does Laertes feel about Hamlet’s attention to Ophelia?
Laertes is wary of Hamlet’s intentions toward Ophelia. He warns her that Hamlet, as a prince, may not have the freedom to marry for love, and his affections might be fleeting. Laertes advises her to protect her reputation and not take Hamlet’s words seriously.
2. Why is Hamlet unlikely to marry Ophelia?
Hamlet is unlikely to marry Ophelia because, as a prince, his marriage will likely be dictated by political considerations rather than personal choice. His duty to the state and royal family may prevent him from pursuing a relationship with her.
3. What clothing advice does Polonius offer Laertes?
Polonius advises Laertes to dress well but not extravagantly. He suggests that clothing should reflect good taste and character, emphasizing that appearance can often define a person’s reputation.
4. In Polonius’ speech to Ophelia, how does he use the word “tender” in various ways?
Polonius uses “tender” in multiple ways:
He refers to Ophelia’s “tender” age and inexperience, implying she is naïve.
He warns her not to “tender” (offer) herself too easily to Hamlet.
He sarcastically remarks on Hamlet’s “tenders” (promises of love), suggesting they are insincere and meaningless.
5. How does Polonius instruct Ophelia to act toward Hamlet?
Polonius instructs Ophelia to avoid Hamlet and to stop accepting his romantic advances. He advises her to maintain her distance and to protect her virtue and reputation.
6. Will Ophelia obey her father? Why, or why not?
Yes, Ophelia agrees to obey her father. This is likely because she is a dutiful daughter and respects the authority of both her father and brother, even if it means suppressing her feelings for Hamlet.
Scene IV
1. What season is it? What time of night?
It is winter, as the cold weather is mentioned in the scene. The time is late at night, around midnight, as the guards refer to the “dead hour” of night when the Ghost appears.
2. How does Hamlet explain the sound they hear while waiting for the Ghost? How does he feel about it?
The sound they hear is the cannon fire and revelry from King Claudius’ drinking celebration. Hamlet explains that Claudius has a tradition of excessive drinking and merrymaking. He feels ashamed of this custom, considering it a dishonorable practice that tarnishes Denmark’s reputation.
3. What does Horatio fear the Ghost will do?
Horatio fears that the Ghost might lure Hamlet to a dangerous place, like the edge of a cliff, and cause him harm. He also worries that the Ghost could drive Hamlet mad or possess him.
4. Why does Marcellus say, “Something is rotten in the state of Denmark”?
Marcellus says this after witnessing the appearance of the Ghost. The line suggests that the Ghost’s presence is a sign of deeper corruption or trouble within Denmark, hinting at political and moral decay in the kingdom, particularly due to Claudius’ usurpation of the throne.
Scene V
1. Where is the Ghost confined when he is not wandering? Why?
The Ghost is confined to Purgatory when not wandering. He explains that he must suffer there as penance for dying with unconfessed sins, unable to make peace with God.
2. What does the Ghost want Hamlet to do?
The Ghost wants Hamlet to avenge his murder by killing Claudius, the current king. However, he cautions Hamlet not to harm Queen Gertrude, leaving her judgment to heaven.
3. What account was given of King Hamlet’s death? How did King Hamlet really die?
It was publicly believed that King Hamlet died from a snake bite while sleeping in his orchard. In reality, he was murdered by Claudius, who poured poison into his ear while he slept to seize the throne and marry Queen Gertrude.
4. What is meant by, “cut off even in the blossom of my sin”?
This phrase refers to King Hamlet’s untimely death before he could confess or atone for his sins. As a result, he was “cut off” from salvation, leaving his soul unprepared for the afterlife.
5. What warning does the Ghost give Hamlet about his mother?
The Ghost warns Hamlet not to harm Gertrude, urging him to leave her to her own conscience and God’s judgment. He emphasizes that her moral failings will be punishment enough.
ACT II
1. How long has it been since the Ghost appeared to Hamlet?
It has been a few hours or perhaps a single day since the Ghost appeared to Hamlet, as the following scenes occur shortly afterward.
2. Where does Polonius send Reynaldo? Why?
Polonius sends Reynaldo to Paris to spy on Laertes and gather information about his behavior. Polonius wants to ensure that Laertes is conducting himself properly while away from Denmark.
3. How does Polonius suggest that Reynaldo gather information?
Polonius suggests that Reynaldo should use indirect methods, such as spreading small, false rumors about Laertes to gauge people’s reactions. By doing so, Reynaldo can subtly learn the truth about Laertes’ behavior without directly confronting him.
4. What has frightened Ophelia?
Ophelia is frightened by Hamlet’s erratic behavior. He enters her room looking disheveled, grabs her wrist, stares at her intensely, and sighs deeply without speaking.
5. What does Polonius think of what has happened?
Polonius believes that Hamlet’s strange behavior is due to his love for Ophelia. He assumes that Hamlet has been driven mad because Ophelia followed his instructions to reject Hamlet’s advances.
6. What did Ophelia think was wrong with Hamlet?
Ophelia is confused and alarmed by Hamlet’s behavior but does not immediately understand the cause. She likely attributes his strange actions to emotional distress.
7. Who does Polonius set off to see? Why?
Polonius sets off to see King Claudius to inform him that Hamlet’s madness is the result of unrequited love for Ophelia. Polonius hopes to prove his theory and assist the king in dealing with Hamlet.
Scene II
1. Who has the King sent for? Why?
The King has sent for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two of Hamlet’s childhood friends, to spy on Hamlet and uncover the reason for his madness.
2. What reward does the Queen suggest that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern may receive?
The Queen suggests that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern will be rewarded with the King and Queen’s gratitude and possibly material gifts if they succeed in helping Hamlet.
3. How does Gertrude try to explain Hamlet’s “distemper” or “lunacy”?
Gertrude attributes Hamlet’s behavior to grief over his father’s death and her quick remarriage to Claudius.
4. Who did old Norway think young Fortinbras was preparing to fight? Who was Fortinbras actually preparing to fight?
Old Norway believed that young Fortinbras was preparing to fight Poland, but Fortinbras was actually preparing to attack Denmark.
5. What is old Norway’s state of age, health, and power?
Old Norway is elderly, frail, and unaware of his nephew’s initial plans. He has limited control over Fortinbras but eventually restrains him when the truth is revealed.
6. What request does Norway make of Denmark?
Norway requests permission for Fortinbras and his troops to march through Danish territory on their way to attack Poland.
7. What is Polonius’ definition of madness?
Polonius defines madness as “thinking too much in the wrong way,” meaning a deviation from rational thought.
8. What does Gertrude mean when she says, “more matter with less art”?
Gertrude tells Polonius to speak plainly and get to the point instead of using flowery or overly elaborate language.
9. How does Polonius explain Hamlet’s madness?
Polonius believes Hamlet’s madness is caused by unrequited love for Ophelia, due to her rejection of him at Polonius’ insistence.
10. What does Hamlet suspect that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern were sent for?
Hamlet quickly realizes that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern were sent by the King and Queen to spy on him and discover the cause of his behavior.
11. According to Hamlet, what do those who used to make faces at Claudius do now?
Hamlet observes that those who once mocked Claudius now flatter him, as he is the king.
12. Why does Polonius consider it significant that Hamlet brings up Jephthah and his daughter?
Polonius sees Hamlet’s mention of Jephthah, a biblical figure who sacrificed his daughter, as an indirect reference to Ophelia. Hamlet may be implying that Polonius is sacrificing Ophelia’s well-being for his own ambitions.
13. What concerns does Hamlet have about the boy-actress’ voice and height?
Hamlet worries that the boy-actor playing female roles might lose his high-pitched voice and outgrow the part due to puberty.
14. What subject does Hamlet ask the player to speak from a play? What significance does it play?
Hamlet asks the player to recite a speech about the fall of Troy and the grief of Hecuba. The speech highlights themes of intense emotion and loyalty, contrasting with Hamlet’s own inaction in avenging his father.
15. What play does Hamlet ask the players to perform on the next night? What does he want added?
Hamlet asks the players to perform The Murder of Gonzago. He requests that a few lines be added, which he has written himself, to mirror the circumstances of King Hamlet’s murder.
16. What is Hamlet’s plan, “to catch the conscience of the King”?
Hamlet’s plan is to observe Claudius’ reaction to the play’s reenactment of King Hamlet’s murder. If Claudius shows guilt, Hamlet will take it as proof of his crime.
17. What does Hamlet need proof of? Why?
Hamlet needs proof that Claudius murdered King Hamlet. He wants to ensure the Ghost’s story is true before taking revenge, fearing the Ghost might be a deceitful spirit.
18. With what famous words does Act II end?
Act II ends with Hamlet’s famous words: “The play’s the thing / Wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the King.”
ACT III
Scene 1
1. What do Rosencrantz and Guildenstern report to the King and Queen about their success with Hamlet?
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern report that they have had little success in uncovering the cause of Hamlet’s madness. However, they mention that Hamlet seemed interested in the arrival of the players and suggested attending a play they will perform.
2. What plan do the King and Polonius devise to test Hamlet’s love for Ophelia?
The King and Polonius plan to have Ophelia encounter Hamlet while they secretly observe the interaction. Their goal is to determine whether Hamlet’s madness is caused by his love for her.
3. What effect does Polonius’ “sugar o’er the devil himself” have on the King?
Polonius’ comment about sugarcoating evil unsettles Claudius, as it reflects his own guilt. The King realizes that his outward display of virtue cannot conceal his internal corruption.
4. What does Hamlet conclude in his famous “To be or not to be…” soliloquy?
Hamlet reflects on life and death, questioning whether it is better to endure life’s hardships or to end them through death. He concludes that fear of the unknown after death makes people endure their suffering, causing them to hesitate in taking action.
5. What does Hamlet assume in his interview with Ophelia? Why?
Hamlet assumes that Ophelia is spying on him on behalf of her father and the King. This assumption is prompted by her sudden change in behavior and the staged nature of their meeting.
6. What advice does Hamlet give Ophelia?
Hamlet tells Ophelia to “get thee to a nunnery,” implying she should avoid marriage and retreat from the corrupt world. He also accuses her of being dishonest and manipulative.
7. What does the King infer from Hamlet’s soliloquy and his words to Ophelia?
The King infers that Hamlet’s behavior is not rooted in love for Ophelia but rather in some deeper, more dangerous trouble. He begins to suspect that Hamlet might pose a threat to him.
8. Why does the King fear Hamlet?
The King fears Hamlet because his erratic behavior and growing hostility could jeopardize his rule. Claudius likely also fears that Hamlet knows or suspects the truth about King Hamlet’s murder.
9. What does Claudius plan to do with Hamlet? What suggestion does Polonius make?
Claudius plans to send Hamlet to England under the pretext of a diplomatic mission, to remove him from Denmark and neutralize the potential threat. Polonius suggests that before Hamlet leaves, Gertrude should speak to him in private while Polonius eavesdrops to gather more information.
Scene II
1. For Hamlet, what is the mission of the drama?
Hamlet believes the mission of the drama is to hold a mirror up to nature, revealing the truth about human behavior. Specifically, he hopes the play will expose King Claudius’ guilt.
2. Why does Hamlet speak to Horatio the manner he does?
Hamlet praises Horatio for his loyalty, self-control, and rationality. He trusts Horatio as a friend and asks him to observe Claudius during the play to help confirm whether the King is guilty.
3. What does Hamlet say to Horatio about the play and his purpose in presenting it?
Hamlet explains to Horatio that the play will mimic the circumstances of King Hamlet’s murder. He wants Horatio to watch Claudius closely for any reaction that might indicate guilt.
4. What change comes over Hamlet after the King, Queen, Polonius, and Ophelia enter?
Hamlet becomes more playful and sarcastic, speaking in riddles and making pointed comments, especially toward Ophelia. His behavior becomes erratic, reflecting his inner turmoil and his distrust of those around him.
5. What puns does Hamlet make in speaking to Polonius?
Hamlet mocks Polonius by calling him a “fishmonger” (a lowly tradesman) and playing on words about honesty and age. For example, he sarcastically remarks that Polonius would let his daughter walk in the sun, exposing her to danger.
6. What is the plot of the play that is presented to the King and Queen? How does the play affect the King? How does Claudius react?
The play, The Murder of Gonzago, depicts a king being poisoned in his garden by his nephew, mirroring the way Claudius killed King Hamlet. The play disturbs Claudius, and he reacts by abruptly standing and leaving the room, confirming his guilt to Hamlet.
7. How does Hamlet act after all have left except him and Horatio?
Hamlet becomes excited and triumphant, interpreting Claudius’ reaction as proof of his guilt. He discusses the outcome with Horatio and begins plotting his next steps.
8. Do Hamlet and Horatio accept the message of the Ghost? Why, or why not?
Yes, Hamlet and Horatio accept the Ghost’s message after Claudius’ reaction to the play. They take it as confirmation that the Ghost was truthful about Claudius’ role in King Hamlet’s murder.
9. What request from the Queen does Rosencrantz bring?
Rosencrantz conveys Queen Gertrude’s request for Hamlet to meet her in her chamber so she can speak with him about his behavior.
10. What does Hamlet charge Guildenstern with?
Hamlet accuses Guildenstern of attempting to manipulate and “play” him like a musical instrument, likening Guildenstern’s actions to someone trying to extract secrets from him without understanding his true feelings.
Scene III
1. What is the King going to do with Hamlet?
The King plans to send Hamlet to England under the pretext of a diplomatic mission. However, Claudius secretly orders Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to deliver a letter instructing the English authorities to execute Hamlet upon his arrival.
2. What does the King reveal?
The King reveals his guilt in a private soliloquy. He admits to murdering King Hamlet to seize the throne and Gertrude. He also confesses that, despite his guilt, he cannot truly repent because he still desires the power and benefits of his crime.
3. Why does Hamlet not kill the King when he finds him alone, praying?
Hamlet hesitates to kill the King while he is praying because he believes Claudius’ soul might ascend to heaven if he is killed in a state of repentance. Hamlet resolves to wait for a moment when Claudius is sinning, ensuring his damnation.
Scene IV
1. Who does Hamlet kill? Who did he think it was at first?
Hamlet kills Polonius, believing him to be Claudius hiding behind the arras (tapestry). He initially thinks he is striking at the King, but it is Polonius who dies.
2. How does Hamlet chide his mother? How does Hamlet describe her first husband?
Hamlet chides Gertrude for her hasty remarriage to Claudius, accusing her of being morally corrupt. He describes his father, the late King Hamlet, as a noble, virtuous man who was strong and honorable, contrasting him sharply with Claudius, whom he describes as a “satyr” (a beastly, immoral figure).
3. Why does the Ghost come?
The Ghost appears to remind Hamlet of his duty to avenge his murder and to urge him to cease berating his mother. The Ghost wants Hamlet to focus on his mission of revenge and leave Gertrude’s fate to divine judgment.
4. What does Gertrude think Hamlet’s words indicate? Why?
Gertrude thinks Hamlet is mad, as he speaks to an unseen presence (the Ghost), which she cannot perceive. She assumes his behavior is a sign of his madness, as she cannot understand the deeper meaning of his words and actions.
5. What appeal does Hamlet make to his mother to reform?
Hamlet appeals to Gertrude to stop her sinful relationship with Claudius, urging her to repent and avoid further dishonoring the memory of his father. He implores her to reject Claudius and not to “spread a rash, unfeeling act” by continuing the marriage.
6. What does Hamlet say about his journey to England? What does he say about his purpose to circumvent the plot of the King?
Hamlet tells Gertrude that he is being sent to England as part of Claudius’ plot, but he does not trust the King’s intentions. He suspects that Claudius plans to have him killed once he arrives in England. Hamlet aims to thwart the plot, although the specifics of his plan are not fully revealed at this point.
ACT IV
Scene 1
1. Who tells the King about Polonius?
Gertrude informs the King about Polonius’ death, explaining that Hamlet killed him.
2. What promise to Hamlet does Gertrude keep?
Gertrude keeps her promise to Hamlet by not revealing to Claudius the specifics of his confrontation with her or the details of his intentions. She does not immediately give away Hamlet’s motivations for the killing.
3. How does Claudius first react to the news of Polonius’ death?
Claudius is initially shocked and concerned about the consequences of Hamlet’s actions, but his reaction is more focused on the political ramifications of Polonius’ death rather than the tragedy itself. He expresses fear about the growing danger Hamlet poses.
4. What excuse does Claudius make for not controlling Hamlet?
Claudius excuses his inability to control Hamlet by claiming that Hamlet’s behavior is the result of an uncontrollable madness that is beyond his authority. He suggests that Hamlet’s actions are unpredictable and not easily managed.
5. What does the Queen say Hamlet is doing while she and the King are talking?
Gertrude says that Hamlet is “gone to England” at the moment, although this is not entirely accurate—she does not know where Hamlet has gone.
6. On what errand does the King send Rosencrantz and Guildenstern?
The King sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to find Hamlet and bring him to him, intending to send Hamlet to England as part of his plan to remove him from Denmark.
Scene II
1. What has been “Safely stow’d”?
The body of Polonius has been “safely stow’d” by Hamlet. After killing Polonius, Hamlet hides the body in a place where it will not be immediately discovered by the authorities.
2. What does Hamlet call Rosencrantz? Why?
Hamlet calls Rosencrantz a “sponge” because he believes Rosencrantz is being used by Claudius to absorb information from him and to do the King’s bidding. Hamlet sees him as someone who soaks up the King’s favor and orders but has no independent thoughts of his own.
3. What does Hamlet compare Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to?
Hamlet compares Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to “adders” and “sponges,” reflecting his disdain for their manipulative behavior. He suggests that they are tools of the King, like snakes that strike when ordered, without any true loyalty to Hamlet or integrity of their own.
Scene III
1. Why must the King be careful in his treatment of Hamlet?
The King must be careful in his treatment of Hamlet because Hamlet is unpredictable and dangerous. Claudius is aware that Hamlet poses a threat to him, but at the same time, he cannot afford to push Hamlet too far, as Hamlet still has the support of many in Denmark, and Claudius fears further retaliation.
2. How does Hamlet answer Claudius when asked where Polonius is?
When Claudius asks Hamlet where Polonius is, Hamlet cryptically responds that Polonius is “at supper,” implying that Polonius is dead and that his body is being eaten by worms. He further suggests that Polonius is in a place where “all must rot,” alluding to the natural decay of the body after death.
3. What progress does Hamlet describe?
Hamlet describes his progress as moving towards his ultimate goal—revenge for his father’s murder. He alludes to his actions as necessary steps in his journey, even though he appears to be mocking the seriousness of the situation.
4. Where has Hamlet “stow’d” the body?
Hamlet has hidden Polonius’ body in a place where it cannot be immediately discovered, presumably in an unceremonious location, such as behind the curtains or in a room that would be avoided by others for the time being.
5. What does Hamlet call Claudius when he says good-bye? Why?
When Hamlet says goodbye to Claudius, he calls him a “mighty king.” This is likely sarcastic, reflecting Hamlet’s scorn and recognition that Claudius’ power is illegitimate and founded on murder.
6. Why does Claudius feel England will obey his command? What command does he send to England?
Claudius feels England will obey his command because England is politically dependent on Denmark and is bound by treaties to act in Denmark’s favor. He sends a command to England to have Hamlet executed, hoping to rid himself of Hamlet and eliminate the threat Hamlet poses to his rule.
Scene IV
1. Where is Fortinbras? Why?
Fortinbras is in Poland, preparing to lead his army through Denmark. He is there because he has been given permission by King Claudius to pass through Denmark on his way to fight in Poland over a relatively insignificant piece of land.
2. Where are Fortinbras and his army going? What will they fight for? What is it worth?
Fortinbras and his army are heading to Poland to fight for a small, seemingly worthless piece of land. Hamlet reflects that Fortinbras is willing to risk the lives of his men and his own life for something of little value, highlighting his ambition and sense of honor.
3. What does Hamlet say Fortinbras is risking his men and his own life for? Why?
Hamlet comments that Fortinbras is willing to risk everything—his men’s lives and his own—for a trivial and insignificant piece of land in Poland. Hamlet sees this as an example of Fortinbras’ determination and honor, as he is driven by pride and the desire to assert his power, regardless of the worth of the land.
4. What part does Fortinbras play in Hamlet’s revenge?
Fortinbras plays an indirect role in Hamlet’s revenge. Hamlet admires Fortinbras for his willingness to fight for honor and his determination, which contrasts with Hamlet’s own hesitation in avenging his father’s death. Fortinbras’ actions inspire Hamlet to take decisive action, motivating him to follow through with his revenge.
Scene IV
1. Who is with Gertrude when Ophelia arrives?
When Ophelia arrives, Gertrude is with Horatio.
2. Why does Horatio urge Gertrude to see Ophelia?
Horatio urges Gertrude to see Ophelia because Ophelia is acting in a disturbed and mad manner, and Horatio believes Gertrude should witness it for herself.
3. What is Gertrude afraid of?
Gertrude is afraid that Ophelia’s madness is a result of the grief she has suffered over the death of her father, Polonius. She is also concerned about how Ophelia’s state might reflect on the royal family’s reputation.
4. What is the subject matter of Ophelia’s first song?
Ophelia’s first song revolves around themes of lost love, heartbreak, and the death of her father. She sings about broken relationships, which symbolizes her emotional turmoil.
5. What does Claudius assume caused Ophelia’s madness?
Claudius assumes that Ophelia’s madness is a result of grief over her father’s death and the overall traumatic events surrounding her family.
6. What is the subject matter of Ophelia’s second song?
Ophelia’s second song is about the loss of innocence and the sorrow of unrequited love. She sings about the betrayal of her trust, which reflects her emotional distress and her sense of abandonment.
7. Who is sent to follow Ophelia?
Gertrude sends attendants to follow Ophelia in order to keep an eye on her, given her erratic behavior.
8. Why are the people of Denmark upset?
The people of Denmark are upset because of the unrest surrounding Polonius’ death and the subsequent mourning for him, as well as the growing tension within the royal family. The common people are also uneasy about the political situation.
9. What new information does Claudius reveal?
Claudius reveals that Hamlet has been sent to England, and he hints that Hamlet’s journey may be part of his larger plan to deal with the threat Hamlet poses to his rule.
10. What is the mob crying for Laertes to become? What does Gertrude call his followers?
The mob is crying for Laertes to become king, believing he is a rightful heir to the throne. Gertrude calls his followers “rabble” as they stir unrest and demand Laertes’ leadership.
11. According to Laertes, what would his being calm mean?
Laertes suggests that if he were calm in the face of his father’s death, it would mean he was dishonoring his family and not living up to the expectations of revenge and justice.
12. What will Laertes risk for revenge?
Laertes is willing to risk everything, including his own life and the stability of Denmark, to avenge his father’s death and to challenge the authority of King Claudius.
13. Who interrupts the encounter between Laertes and the King?
The encounter between Laertes and Claudius is interrupted by the arrival of a messenger who brings news about Ophelia’s death.
14. Who does Ophelia give flowers to? What do they signify?
Ophelia gives flowers to Gertrude, Laertes, and others present. Each flower has symbolic meaning: for instance, she gives rosemary for remembrance, pansies for thoughts, fennel for flattery, and columbine for infidelity. These represent her grief, confusion, and lost sense of self.
15. What is Laertes disturbed about? Why?
Laertes is disturbed by his inability to properly grieve his father’s death due to the political chaos surrounding him. He is frustrated that his desire for revenge is being delayed, and he is particularly upset by the apparent disregard for justice and family honor in the royal court.
Scene VI
1. Who does Horatio suspect the sailors have come from? Why?
Horatio suspects the sailors have come from Hamlet because the letter they deliver is from Hamlet himself. Horatio deduces this after seeing that the sailors are delivering a message that indicates Hamlet is still alive and that he is aware of the situation in Denmark.
2. What do we learn from Hamlet’s letter?
From Hamlet’s letter, we learn that he has survived the plot to have him killed in England. He managed to escape from the pirates, who treated him well, and is now returning to Denmark. The letter informs Horatio that Hamlet will be back shortly and that he wants to meet him.
3. Who do the sailors need to see? Why?
The sailors need to see Horatio in order to deliver the letter from Hamlet. They are instructed to give it to Horatio, who is then supposed to help Hamlet with whatever plans he has in store.
4. Why were the pirates good to Hamlet?
The pirates were good to Hamlet because they captured him during his journey to England but then treated him with kindness, sparing his life. Hamlet made an arrangement with them, possibly in exchange for his release or protection, and they honored their part in the bargain.
5. Where are Rosencrantz and Guildenstern?
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are in England, carrying out Claudius’ orders to have Hamlet executed. They are unaware that Hamlet has escaped and is on his way back to Denmark.
Scene VII
1. Who does Claudius tell Laertes that Hamlet tried to kill?
Claudius tells Laertes that Hamlet tried to kill him (Polonius), blaming Hamlet for the death of Laertes’ father.
2. What reasons does Claudius give for not preventing Hamlet’s violence?
Claudius explains that he couldn’t prevent Hamlet’s violence because Hamlet is loved by the people of Denmark. If Claudius had acted against Hamlet, it might have caused an uprising among the people, as they held Hamlet in high regard.
3. How does Claudius feel about Gertrude?
Claudius expresses his deep concern for Gertrude, claiming that he is trying to protect her from the tragedy surrounding Hamlet’s actions and from the fallout of Polonius’ death.
4. According to Claudius, what would have happened if he had accused Hamlet to the people?
Claudius says that if he had publicly accused Hamlet, the people would have turned against him, and his reign would have been jeopardized, as Hamlet was widely beloved by the Danish people.
5. Sum up Hamlet’s letter to Claudius.
Hamlet’s letter to Claudius informs the King that Hamlet is returning to Denmark, giving a brief explanation of how he survived and is now returning after escaping from the pirates. The letter assures Claudius that Hamlet will be arriving shortly.
6. How does Claudius tell Laertes that Hamlet’s death will be arranged to look like?
Claudius tells Laertes that Hamlet’s death will be staged as a tragic accident during their duel, making it appear that Hamlet died in a fair contest, thus avoiding suspicion.
7. How is Hamlet reported to feel about Laertes’ skill?
Hamlet is reported to respect Laertes’ skill and abilities, acknowledging that Laertes is a skilled swordsman. Claudius and Laertes plan to use this respect to ensure Hamlet’s downfall.
8. What is “a sword unbated”?
A sword “unbated” refers to a sword that has not had its tip dulled or blunted, making it sharp and capable of delivering a fatal blow.
9. What “added ingredient” does Laertes suggest to make the hit more deadly? How powerful is it?
Laertes suggests poisoning the tip of the sword to ensure that even a small scratch or wound will be fatal. The poison is described as powerful enough to kill instantly or soon after the injury.
10. What back-up measure does Claudius suggest?
Claudius suggests a back-up plan involving a poisoned drink. If the sword fails to kill Hamlet, Claudius plans to offer Hamlet a poisoned drink during the duel, ensuring his death.
11. What does the Queen come in to announce?
The Queen comes in to announce the tragic news of Ophelia’s death. She tells Laertes and the others that Ophelia has drowned.
12. What was Ophelia doing under the willow tree?
Ophelia was sitting on a branch near the willow tree, either singing or lamenting, when she fell into the stream.
13. How did Ophelia get into the stream? What first bore her up and then pulled her under?
Ophelia accidentally fell into the stream while gathering flowers. The branch of the willow tree initially helped to support her, but as she became overwhelmed by grief and perhaps her madness, the branch broke or she lost her balance, and the current of the stream pulled her under, leading to her drowning.
ACT V
Scene I
1. What implications are the clowns making? How does the First Clown measure the years he has been working as a grave-maker?
The clowns (gravediggers) make several implications about death, the decay of the body, and the insignificance of human life. They make dark jokes about how wealth and status mean little once a person is buried. The First Clown measures the years he has been working by referring to the time he has spent digging graves for various people, including notable figures like the late king. He says he has worked as a grave-maker for over 20 years, and he makes a wry comment about how he has seen the skulls of many prominent people during that time.
2. Why does the manner of Ophelia’s burial cause so much comment? Why is she given a Christian burial?
Ophelia’s burial causes much comment because of the circumstances surrounding her death—many believe it was a suicide, which would typically exclude her from a Christian burial. However, because Ophelia is of noble birth and due to the Queen’s request, she is given a Christian burial. The priest, while acknowledging her noble status, still questions the appropriateness of the burial rites because of the suspicion surrounding her death.
3. What does the priest say about the obsequies of Ophelia? Why?
The priest says that Ophelia’s obsequies (funeral rites) are being carried out with a certain degree of ambiguity because her death may have been a suicide. According to church rules, suicides were not to receive Christian burials, but because Ophelia’s death was uncertain and because of her noble status, the priest reluctantly agrees to the burial rites.
4. How did Hamlet feel toward Laertes?
Hamlet feels a deep sense of grief and anger toward Laertes, especially in the graveyard scene when he sees Laertes mourning Ophelia. Hamlet initially confronts Laertes with harsh words, but he later realizes that they share a common sorrow over their loved ones. The two men engage in a heated confrontation by the grave, but Hamlet expresses his sorrow for Laertes’ loss of Ophelia and, in the end, they are both caught up in a tragic and emotional moment.
Scene II
1. What did Hamlet do to the commission letters that Claudius had sent with him?
Hamlet altered the commission letters that Claudius had sent with him to England, which originally ordered the death of Hamlet. He rewrote the letters to order the death of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern instead, thereby saving his own life and condemning them to death.
2. How do Hamlet and Horatio make fun of Osric? Why?
Hamlet and Horatio make fun of Osric by mocking his overly extravagant and affected mannerisms. Osric is a courtier who tries too hard to be fashionable and polite, and Hamlet finds his behavior pompous and insincere. They mock him to reveal his foolishness and to lighten the tense atmosphere before the duel.
3. How does Hamlet feel about the coming fencing match?
Hamlet is apprehensive and somewhat indifferent about the upcoming fencing match. He suspects that something is amiss, especially after Claudius’ apparent eagerness for the match. Hamlet is aware that the duel could be part of a larger plot, but he feels resigned to it and is more focused on the immediate consequences of the events unfolding.
4. Who accidentally drinks the poisoned wine?
Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother, accidentally drinks the poisoned wine that Claudius had intended for Hamlet. She drinks it after Claudius offers her the cup as a celebratory gesture, unaware that it has been poisoned.
5. How is Hamlet mortally wounded?
Hamlet is mortally wounded during the fencing match when Laertes, using a poisoned sword, scratches him. The scratch leads to a fatal wound, and Hamlet begins to succumb to the poison.
6. What long-anticipated act does Hamlet finally complete?
Hamlet finally avenges his father’s death by killing Claudius. He forces Claudius to drink the remaining poisoned wine and stabs him with the poisoned sword, completing the revenge he had long delayed.
7. What does Horatio attempt to do?
Horatio attempts to take his own life in order to join Hamlet in death. He feels that, with Hamlet’s death, he has no reason to live and tries to drink from the poisoned cup, but Hamlet stops him, urging him to live on and tell the story of what happened.
8. What does Hamlet entreat Horatio of? Why?
Hamlet entreats Horatio to stay alive and tell the true story of what has happened in Denmark. He wants Horatio to explain the treachery of Claudius and the tragic events that led to the downfall of Denmark. Hamlet doesn’t want the tale to die with him.
9. What is Hamlet’s final act as King of Denmark?
Hamlet’s final act as King of Denmark is to ensure that Fortinbras is given the throne. As he dies, Hamlet endorses Fortinbras to take over as the new ruler, recognizing him as a capable leader who might restore Denmark to stability. This act solidifies Hamlet’s final wish for a more just future for Denmark after all the chaos and betrayal.