Study Guide 2 Animal Cognition

Time and Number

• Time long intervals

  • Cycles of sleep/wakefulness

    • 20 hr lower bound

    • 30 hr upper bound

  • Zeitgeber

    • Light

    • Temp

    • Social factors

    • Availability of food

  • Biebach’s garden warbler study

• Time shorter intervals

  • Gill’s studies of hummingbird time judgment

    • Lekking

  • Operant conditioning

    • Rats and other species learn about reinforcement schedules on various timeframes

  • Theory: how do species judge passing of time?

    • Internal clock theories of understanding short intervals of time 

      • Church, 1978

        • Scalar timing 

        • Internal “ticks” counted in STM store

        • Number of ticks in stm is compared with number in LTM from previous experience with the task

Number concepts

• Number concepts in non-human species

  • More or less judgments

    • McComb, Packer & Pusey, 1994

      • Play sounds of roaring intruder lion (1) or lions (3) for prides of different sizes and observe responses

      • Approach, stay, retreat

      • Latency of approach

    • Wilson, Hauser & Wrangham 2001

      • Chimpanzees

        • Fission-fusion communities

        • Pant-hoot

        • chorusing

    • Relative number judgment

      • Koehler’s pigeons

        • Relative judgment

      • Emmerton’s follow up study

        • Pigeons have a concept of more/less

    • Absolute number judgment

      • Davis & Albert 1986

        • Rocky the raccoon

      • Davis & Bradford, 1986

        • Train rats to take food from the third of six tunnels

    • Counting

      • In order to count, you need a concept of relative number and a concept of absolute number

      • In addition:

        • Tagging: a number that has a specific tag that goes with it

        • Cardinality: the tag for the last item in the set is that number of items in the set

      • Alex

        • Model/Rival technique

          • Humans demonstrate the response

            • Human is model

          • Parrot sees human respond

            • Human is rival 

        • Pepperberg & Carey, 2012

      • Hunt’s New Zealand Robin study

Cause and Effect

• Associative learning

  • Learning about the relationship between two separate stimuli

  • Classical Conditioning

    • Unconditioned stimulus (US)

    • Unconditioned response (UR)

    • Conditioned stimulus (CS)

    • Conditioned response (CR)

    • Ivan Pavlov

      • Psychic secretions

    • Olson & Fazio

      • Pokemon study!

      • Conditioned preferences

    • Erik Kande

      • Aplysia

    • Hollis et al. 1997

      • Condition male gouramis

        • Conditioned Male fish have far more offspring

    • What is learned in classical conditioning?

      • contiguity

      • Rescorla’s contiguity experiment

        • Contiguity isn’t enough

          • Contingency

        • evolved mechanism that enables animals to be sensitive to signals that are important in their lives.

          • Drongos and Meercats

    • Boisseau, Vogel & Dussutour 2016

      • Slime molds

        • Can a unicellular organism with no neurons learn?

  • Operant Conditioning

    • Thorndike’s puzzle boxes and cats

      • Law of effect

    • Core terms

      • Positive reinforcement

      • Negative reinforcement

      • Positive punishment

      • Negative punishment

    • Skinner

      • Superstitious Pigeons

        • Staddon & Simmelhag, 1971

    • What is learned in operant conditioning?

      • Contiguity

      • Contingency

      • Complex relationships

    • Applications

      • Rafiki the baboon

    • Limits of conditioning: Food aversion

      • Garcia & Koelling, 1965

        • Rats exposed to “Bright Noisy” water or Sweetened water

        • some rats exposed to shock, some to brief x-ray 

        • Some relationships easy to learn, other hard

          • Based on evolutionary history

      • Lorenz & Tinbergen, 1948

      • Breelands

        • Misbehavior of animals

Reasoning

• Adapt thought or action to some end

  • Usually refers to more complex behavior 

  • Flexibility of response

  • integration of info

• Fixed action patterns

  • Releasing stimulus

    • Grelag goose

• Tool Use

  • Oakley, 1949

    • Man the Tool  Maker

  • Antlion larvae sand pits

  • Flexibility

    • Sea Otters

    • Taylor, Hunt & Gray, 2012

      • New Caledonian Crow

      • Food near potentially dangerous stimuli

    • Coconut octopus

    • Brooks, 1988

      • Hermit crabs placed in tank with an octopus

      • 0, 1 or 3 anemones on their shells

• Insight

  • Aha! Moment

    • Betty the crow

    • Kohler

      • Sultan

      • Block stacking

      • Two stick problem

    • Visalbergi & Limongelli (1994)

      • Tufted Capuchins

      • Trap tube test

    • Hood, 1999

      • Cotton top tamarins

• Transitive Inference

  • Deducing new relationships from stated relationships

    • Pigeons

    • Wasps and Honeybees

      • Tibbetts et al. 2019

    • Bond, Kamil, & Balda, 2003

      • Corvids: Pinyon Jays, Scrub Jays

  • social complexity hypothesis 

• Fairness

  • De Wall’s fairness study with capuchins

  • Range, et al., 2008

    • Dogs

Social Cognition

• Cognitive processes devoted to learning about and interacting with other individuals

• Conspecific

• Mirror recognition

  • Self awareness 

  • Gordon Gallup Jr

    • Gallup 1970

      • Wildborn chimps, living in captivity

      • Given access to mirror for 10 days

      • Anesthetize chimps, paint brow, ear

      • Mark test

  • Povinelli, 1993

    • Chimpanzees

  • Chimps, orangutans, gorillas all pass the mark test

  • Old and new world monkeys and gibbons all fail

  • Epstein, Lanza & Skinner, 1981

    • Pigeons pass the mark test?

  • Kohd et al, 2019

    • Cleaner wrasse

  • De Waal’s framework on the evolution of Self Concept

• Video recognition

  • Chimpanzees watching selves on camera

    • Menzel et al 1985

• Differentiating self from other

  • Point light display

  • Newborn animals prefer lights that move in a way consistent with                               biological movement of species

    • Humans

    • Chicken chicks 

  • Rosa-Salva et al., 2019

    • Do chicks prefer visual features of adult hens?

      • Scrambled hens study

• Sensitivity to actions of others

  • object choice task

    • Dogs

      • Amount of experience with humans matters

    • Chimps

    • wolves

  • Theory of Mind

    • Heider & Simmel (Triangle video)

    • Shafroth, Basile, Martin & Murray, 2021

      • Rhesus monkeys

        • 3 kinds of video: ToM, Goal directed, random contro

    • Deceit

      • Magnificent Spider

      • Mourning cuttlefish

      • Cheney & Seyfarth

        • Vervet Monkey alarm calls

          • Kitui

      • Shaw & Clayton

        • Eurasian Jays

        • Food caching

      • Woodruff & Premack

        • Chimpanzee

          • Competitor

          • Cooperator

        • Povinelli’s follow up

  • Compete vs cooperate

    • Food competition paradigm