ms faruq science

Biology

Breathing and Digestion

  • Breathing

  • Gas Exchange

  • Lung Disease

  • Nutrients

  • Food Tests

  • Balanced Diets

  • The Digestive System

  • Enzymes in Digestion

Respiration and Photosynthesis

  • Aerobic Respiration

  • Anaerobic Respiration

  • Fermentation

  • Investigating Fermentation

  • Photosynthesis

  • Investigating Photosynthesis

  • Leaves

  • Transport in Plants

  • Plant Minerals

Evolution and Inheritance

  • Evolution

  • Extinction

  • Variation

  • DNA

  • Inheritance

Chemistry

The Periodic Table

  • Atoms

  • Elements

  • Compounds

  • The Periodic Table

  • Metals and Non-Metals

  • Polymers

  • Ceramics and Composites

Energy Changes

  • Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

  • Exothermic Reactions

  • Catalysts

  • Combustion

  • Thermal Decomposition

  • Physical and Chemical Changes
    Climate and The Earth’s Resources

  • The Earth’s Atmosphere

  • The Carbon Cycle

  • The Greenhouse Effect

  • The Earth’s Resources

  • Reduce, Reuse and Recycle

  • Plastic Pollution

  • Extracting Metals

Physics

Force and Pressure

  • Forces

  • Resultant Forces

  • Elasticity

  • Extension of a Spring

  • Pressure on a Solid

  • Pressure in a Fluid

  • Floating and Sinking

Electromagnets

  • Magnets

  • Magnetic Fields

  • Elect

Biology

Breathing and Digestion: Breathing is the process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide, essential for cellular respiration, which generates energy. Gas Exchange involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and tissues, where oxygen moves from the lungs to the blood, and carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs. Lung Disease refers to diseases that affect the lungs, such as asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia, which can impair breathing and gas exchange. Nutrients are substances that provide nourishment for growth, metabolism, and repair, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Food Tests are conducted to identify the presence of different nutrients in food samples, such as the iodine test for starch and the Biuret test for protein. Balanced Diets contain the correct proportions of nutrients to meet the body's needs, essential for maintaining overall health and preventing deficiencies. The Digestive System is responsible for breaking down food into absorbable nutrients and includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas. Enzymes in Digestion are proteins that speed up the breakdown of food molecules into smaller, absorbable units, such as amylase, protease, and lipase.

Respiration and Photosynthesis: Aerobic Respiration uses oxygen to produce energy (ATP) and occurs in the mitochondria of cells, represented by the equation C6H{12}O6 + 6O2 \rightarrow 6CO2 + 6H2O + \text{ATP}. Anaerobic Respiration occurs without oxygen to produce energy, is less efficient than aerobic respiration, and produces lactic acid or ethanol. Fermentation is a process that uses enzymes to cause chemical changes in organic substances and is used in the production of food and beverages, such as yogurt and beer. Investigating Fermentation involves experiments to study the process of fermentation, such as measuring gas production or pH changes. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose) and occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, represented by the equation 6CO2 + 6H2O + \text{Light Energy} \rightarrow C6H{12}O6 + 6O2. Investigating Photosynthesis involves experiments to study photosynthesis, such as measuring oxygen production or carbon dioxide uptake. Leaves are the primary site of photosynthesis in plants, and their structure is optimized for light absorption and gas exchange. Transport in Plants involves the movement of water, minerals, and sugars within a plant, including xylem (water transport) and phloem (sugar transport). Plant Minerals are inorganic substances required for plant growth, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and are essential for various metabolic processes.

Evolution and Inheritance: Evolution is the process by which different kinds of living organisms are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth. Extinction is the state or process of a species becoming extinct, no longer in existence. Variation is any difference between cells, individual organisms, or groups of organisms of any species caused either by genetic differences or by the effect of environmental factors. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions for all known living organisms and many viruses; it is a long polymer of nucleotides. Inheritance is the process by which genetic information is passed from parent to offspring; traits are inherited through genes.

Chemistry

The Periodic Table: Atoms are the basic units of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Elements are substances that are made up of only one type of atom and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Compounds are substances that are made up of two or more types of atoms chemically bonded together and can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. The Periodic Table is a table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties; elements are organized into periods and groups. Metals and Non-Metals are two main categories of elements based on their properties; metals are typically shiny, conductive, and malleable, while non-metals are often dull, non-conductive, and brittle. Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeating subunits (monomers). Ceramics and Composites are materials made from non-metallic minerals (ceramics) and a combination of different materials (composites), respectively; ceramics are typically hard and brittle, while composites combine the properties of their constituent materials.

Energy Changes: Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions are reactions that release heat (exothermic) and absorb heat (endothermic), respectively. Exothermic Reactions release energy in the form of heat, causing the temperature of the surroundings to increase. Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction; catalysts lower the activation energy of a reaction. Combustion is the process of burning something, a rapid chemical process involving the reaction between a substance with an oxidant, usually oxygen, to produce heat and light. Thermal Decomposition is the breakdown of a substance by heat. Physical and Chemical Changes are changes that do not alter (physical) and do alter (chemical) the chemical composition of a substance, respectively; physical changes include changes in state, while chemical changes involve the formation of new substances.

Climate and The Earth’s Resources: The Earth’s Atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth, composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen, which protects the Earth from harmful radiation and helps regulate temperature. The Carbon Cycle is the process by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels. The Greenhouse Effect is the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface. The Earth’s Resources are materials from the Earth that are used by humans, including minerals, fossil fuels, water, and land. Reduce, Reuse and Recycle are strategies for waste management aimed at minimizing environmental impact by reducing consumption, reusing items when possible, and recycling materials to create new products. Plastic Pollution is the accumulation of plastic objects in the Earth's environment, adversely affecting wildlife, wildlife habitat, and humans. Extracting Metals is the process of removing metals from their ores, often involving mining and chemical processes.

Physics

Force and Pressure: Forces are interactions that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object, measured in Newtons (N). Resultant Forces are the single force that represents the vector sum of two or more forces acting on an object. Elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Extension of a Spring is the increase in length of a spring when a force is applied, obeying Hooke’s Law: F = kx, where F is the force, k is the