genocides and china thing

The Holocaust (World War II, Europe)

* Dates: 1941-1945 (systematic extermination), but persecution began earlier with Nazi rise to power.

* Victims: Approximately 6 million Jews (2/3 of European Jewry), along with millions of Roma, disabled people, Slavs, homosexuals, and political opponents.

* Perpetrators: Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and its collaborators.

* Methods: Mass shootings, gassing in extermination camps (e.g., Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka), forced labor, starvation, medical experimentation.

* Ideology: Nazi racial ideology of Aryan supremacy and antisemitism.

Armenian Genocide (Ottoman Empire)

* Dates: 1915-1923 (primarily 1915-1916).

* Victims: Estimated 1.5 million Armenians.

* Perpetrators: Ottoman government (Young Turks).

* Methods: Forced deportations (death marches into the Syrian Desert), starvation, massacres, and systematic killings.

* Context: Occurred during World War I, often cited as the first modern genocide.

Cambodian Genocide (Cambodia)

* Dates: 1975-1979.

* Victims: Estimated 1.5 to 3 million Cambodians (about 25% of the population).

* Perpetrators: Khmer Rouge regime under Pol Pot.

* Ideology: Radical communist ideology aiming to create an agrarian, classless society by eliminating perceived enemies (intellectuals, urban dwellers, ethnic minorities, former government officials).

* Methods: Forced labor, starvation, execution, torture in prisons like S-21 (Tuol Sleng), and the "Killing Fields" mass graves.

Bosnian Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

* Dates: 1992-1995.

* Victims: Primarily Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) civilians, along with Croats.

* Perpetrators: Bosnian Serb forces, supported by Serbia, aiming for "ethnic cleansing" to create a Greater Serbia.

* Methods: Mass killings (notably the Srebrenica massacre of over 8,000 Bosniak men and boys in 1995), systematic rape, forced displacement, torture in concentration camps.

* Context: Part of the breakup of Yugoslavia.

Holodomor (Soviet Ukraine)

* Dates: 1932-1933.

* Victims: Millions of Ukrainians (estimated 3.5 to 5 million).

* Perpetrators: Soviet regime under Joseph Stalin.

* Nature: Man-made famine caused by Soviet policies of forced collectivization, grain requisitions, and suppression of Ukrainian nationalism. While debated by some historians, many consider it a genocide aimed at crushing Ukrainian resistance.

Darfur Genocide (Sudan)

* Dates: Began in 2003 and continues with ongoing violence.

* Victims: Primarily non-Arab ethnic groups (e.g., Fur, Masalit, Zaghawa).

* Perpetrators: Sudanese government forces and allied Arab militias (Janjaweed).

* Methods: Mass killings, systematic rape, destruction of villages, forced displacement, and starvation.

* Context: Conflict between the government and rebel groups in the Darfur region.

Here are some flashcard points for Deng Xiaoping's rule and the Rwandan genocide:

Deng Xiaoping's Rule (China)

* Four Modernizations: Key economic reforms focusing on agriculture, industry, national defense, and science/technology.

* Responsibility System: Replaced communes, allowing peasants to lease land and keep profits, boosting agricultural output.

* Special Economic Zones (SEZs): Designated areas with more market-oriented policies to attract foreign investment and promote economic growth.

* One-Child Policy: Implemented in 1979 to control population growth (later relaxed).

* Tiananmen Square Protests (1989): Student-led demonstrations for democratic reforms, met with a violent crackdown by the government.

* "Socialism with Chinese Characteristics": Deng's pragmatic approach combining socialist ideology with market principles.

Rwandan Genocide (1994)

* Dates: Approximately April 7 to July 15, 1994 (around 100 days).

* Victims: Primarily Tutsi minority and moderate Hutu.

* Perpetrators: Hutu extremists, including the Hutu Power government and ordinary citizens.

* Causes: Deep-seated ethnic tensions (fueled by colonial history), political instability, and hate propaganda (e.g., Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines - RTLM).

* Trigger: Assassination of President Juvénal Habyarimana (a Hutu) on April 6, 1994.

* International Response: Largely inadequate, with the UN peacekeeping force significantly reduced.

* Aftermath: Led to the overthrow of the Hutu government by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and significant international legal action (e.g., International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda - ICTR).