milton final 24-25

Antebellum Period

1811 Louisiana Slave Revolt (1/23/25)

• This would prove to be “the largest servile uprising in United States history”

~ This uprising goes by other names, German Coast Revolt and Andry’s Uprising.

• Named for the owner of the plantation where the uprising occurred. Manual Andry, in the Territory of Louisiana between January 8 and 10, 1811.

~ One of the salient figures of the revolt was Charles Deslondes.

• Born in Saint Domingue, was a slave who could be thought of as something like an American counterpart to Toussaint Louverture.

• Slaves attacked Andry, wounding him and seizing any weapons that could be found.

• On January 10th, a detachment of troops under General Wade Hampton encountered the revolutionaries at Fortier Plantation.

• At 4:00 a.m. Saturday, January 12, 1811, in the swamps behind the Picou and Trouard Plantations, Charles was captured and brutally killed.

• The Louisiana slave revolt would prove to be the most death-riddled uprising of the engagements, which would have an estimated tally of 100 deaths.

• Deslondes was executed on 15 January. His body was mutilated, dismembered, and put on public display as a warning against other attempts at slave uprising.

Gabriel’s Conspiracy (1/24/25)

Gabriel Prosser

•  Attempted to lead a slave revolt in Virginia.

• Gabriel’s conspiracy failed

~ He was informed upon. (snitched)

Outcomes of the conspiracy

• Antislavery groups were done away with in the upper South.

• Southerners believed a race riot was imminent.

~ Instigated by Free Blacks, not slaves.

~  Slaves were considered to be docile.

• Free blacks were thought to be dangerous and revolutionary.

~ The Southern attitude toward Blacks became more negative.

Denmark Vesey’s Revolt

• Denmark Vesey was a freeman, literate, and a minister.

• A co-conspirator was Gullah Jack.

~ He was a “conjure man” from West Africa who practiced voodoo.

•  The plan failed because Vesey was informed of it. (snitched on)

• Outcomes

• AME (African Methodist Episcopal) Church was burned down

• There was a ban on educating slaves.

• Fear of Northerners or outsiders increased.

The Antebellum Period (1/27/25)

• The Antebellum Period in American History is generally considered to be the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812.

• It was characterized by the rise of abolition and the gradual polarization of the country between abolitionists and supporters of slavery.

~ The country’s economy began shifting in the north to manufacturing

In the south, a cotton boom made plantations the center of the economy.

• Manifest destiny is the idea that Americans and the institutions of the U.S. are morally superior and Americans are morally obligated to spread their institutions.

• In the South, cotton plantations were very profitable.

• Plantation Owners were able to obtain large tracts of land for little money, particularly after the Indian Removal Act.

• The demand for slave labor and the U.S. ban on importing more slaves from Africa drove up the prices of slaves

• The large plantation owner’s wealth, often reflected in the number of slaves they owned, afforded them considerable prestige and political power.

Early Industrialization

• The early industrialization revolution began with the textile industry in  New England, which Samuel Slater revolutionized.

• Slater opened the first fully mechanized mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. His system of independent mills and mill towns spread through the Black Stone Valley into Massachusetts.

• A population shift from farms to cities had already begun, but the promise of better income in factory jobs accelerated that movement.

The Second Awakening

• The second awakening was a religious revival that affected the entire country from about 1790 to the 1840s.

• The basic theology popularized by the movement stated that individuals had a direct relationship with God.

• The Quakers, who believed that all people were equal in the eyes of God, had been speaking out against slavery since the 1600s, forming the first abolitionist group in the 1790s.

Pre-Civil War Rebellions

• Many Passive forms of resistance

• Open rebellions

• Slaves in the U.S. resisted their bondage through many passive forms of resistance.

Colonization (1/28/25)

• The American Colonization Society was an anti-slavery group in the early 19th Century.

~  They established Liberia in West Africa as a colony to return slaves.

• Slaveowners would be compensated for their slaves.

• Free Blacks would also be sent to Liberia.

• Abolitionist - a person who wants to end slavery.

• Approximately 10 years before the ACS, Paul Cuffe advocated for Africans/slaves to return to Africa.

~ He believed that Blacks would never be accepted in America and Africa was the best place for them.

~ Most Blacks in the U.S. at that time thought Africa was barbaric.

• Paul Cuffe, with his ship, took some Blacks to Sierra Leone.

~ Blacks who went to Liberia with a different group did not adjust well. (Conflict with groups there)

• In the U.S., there were Blacks who were against colonization.

• Blacks were against colonization and saw the U.S. as their home.

• In some states, free Blacks had to leave or be reenslaved.

~ Some Blacks thought that the ACS was a pro-slavery group.

William Lloyd Garrison (1/30/25)

• He was one of the most famous anti-slavery figures of the early to mid-19th century.

• Anti-slavery - against slavery

• Garrison wanted immediate emancipation without a return to Africa.

~ He also wanted justice and equality for Blacks.

David Walker

• Though never enslaved, Walker certainly witnessed the horrors of slavery and experienced racism in his hometown, as well as in his later travels throughout the country.

• Walker realized the power of the written word to create change.

~ This realization likely inspired him to write his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World.

• In His Appeal, Walker offered a scathing critique of American slavery and the racism that undergirded it.

~ In one of the more controversial passages of his work, he urged militant resistance if all else had failed.

• Walker hoped to inspire people to action. His Appeal caused huge controversy and fear when copies began to appear in the South, carried there by sailors.

• Walker died shortly after the publication of his Appeal, leading some to speculate that he may have been killed. However, official records noted his cause of death as consumption, which also took the life of his daughter around the same time. (2/3/25)

Nat Turner

• Nathanial “Nat” Turner (1800-1831) was an enslaved man who led a rebellion of enslaved people on August 21, 1831.

• Turner was born on the Virginia plantation of Benjamin Turner, who allowed him to be instructed in reading, writing, and religion.

  • He was a skilled slave and was able to leave his plantation and be hired by other Slave owners

• Believing in signs and hearing divine voices, Turner was convinced by an eclipse of the sun (1831) that the time to rise had come.

• On August 21, 1831, he and six others killed the Travis family, managed to secure arms and horses, and enlisted about 75 other enslaved people in a large but disorganized insurrection that resulted in the murder of an estimated 55 white people.

  • The incident put fear in the hearts of Southerners, resulted in even harsher laws against enslaved people, and deepened the schism between slave-holders and free-soilers (an anti-slavery political party whose slogan was ‘free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men’)

https://knowt.com/flashcards/d8d6ff35-2335-40bc-8437-9b9b2aff9ddf?isNew=true

Three Categories (2/7/25)

P = Political

L = Literature 

H = Humanitarian

P = 1. Missouri Compromise 1820

P =   2. Mexican American War 1846-1848

P  = 3. Compromise of 1850

L = 4. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852

P = 5.Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

P  = 6. Republican Party was Formed in 1854

H = 7. Dred Scott Decision 1857

H = 8.  John Brown’s Raid 1859

P = 9. Lincoln’s Election  1860

Mexican - American War (2/10/25)

• The Mexican-American War of 1846 to 1848 marked the first U.S. armed conflict chiefly fought on foreign soil.

  • It pitted a politically divided and militarily unprepared Mexico against the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James K. Polk.

• A border skirmish along the Rio Grande that started off the fighting was followed by a series of U.S. victories.

• When the dust cleared, Mexico had lost about one-third of its territory.

Mexican War

• The Wilmot Proviso attempted to ban slavery from any territory captured from Mexico. The Proviso would extend to the Pacific Ocean across 36 degrees 30 minutes north latitude. (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California was too much land for slavery)

• Slavery wasn’t banned in any territory until 1862.

Compromise of 1850

• The Compromise of 1850 was made up of five bills that attempted to resolve disputes over slavery in new territories added to the United States in the wake of the Mexican-American War. (1846-1848)

  • California as a free state.

  • Utah and New Mexico to decide for themselves.

  • It made it easier for slaveowners to recover runaways under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.

• The Compromise of 1850 said that for every state North, there would be a slave state South.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Harriet Beecher Stowe never saw slavery firsthand. She had heard about it from other sources secondhand. The book was written to raise money for the Abolition Society. It was sold in every Methodist Church.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Popular sovereignty would decide if the territories would be free or slave.

• Bleeding Kansas.

•  In 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois proposed a bill to organize the Territory of Nebraska, a vast area of land that would become Kansas, Nebraska, Montana, and the Dakotas. 

• The Kansas-Nebraska Act raised the possibility that slavery could be extended into territories where it had once been banned.

• Douglas hoped this idea of  “popular sovereignty” would resolve the mounting debate over the future of slavery in the United States.

• Douglas needed pro-slavery votes to pass his “Nebraska Bill”.

• He added an amendment that repealed the Missouri Compromise and created two new territories, Kansas and Nebraska.

• Settlers in each territory would vote on the issue of whether to permit slavery or not, according to the principle of popular sovereignty.

• The Senate passed the Nebraska bill. President Franklin Pierce signed it into law on May 30, 1854.

• Pro- and antislavery activists flooded into the new Kansas territory, each side seeking to turn popular sovereignty into their own advantage.

~ “Border Ruffians” 

• The two sides traded outbursts of violence and intimidation, and “Bleeding Kansas” would generate national headlines, further inflaming sectional tensions over slavery’s future.

~ Lecompton, pro-slavery capital,  Lawrence, anti-slavery capital.

Formation of the Republican Party (2/13/25)

• Formed because Republicans were in the North. They said the democratic form of the government doesn’t work; decisions should be made by the public (everyone works for the benefit of the whole) and slavery should be done away with. Frederick Douglass was the first to join.

Dred Scott Decision

• States that slaves were not citizens and could not sue in court.

  • Chief Justice Roger Taney

• Dred Scott first went to trial to sue for his freedom in 1847. Ten years later, after a decade of appeals and court reversals, his case was finally brought before the United States Supreme Court.

• Chief Justice Roger  B. Taney – a staunch supporter of slavery – wrote the “majority opinion” for the court. Because Scott was black, he was no citizen and therefore had no right to sue.

• While slaveholders in the South well received the decision, many northerners were outraged.

John Brown’s Raid

• Attempted to overthrow the South through armed conflict and end slavery.

~ Harper’s Ferry Virginia. 

• Site of the federal armory.

• John Brown’s raid was to raid the armory, take the weapons and arm the slaves.

• Was sentenced to death.

Lincoln’s Election

• Elected in 1860. Abraham Lincoln said, “If I could save the Union without freeing slaves, I would. If I had to free the slaves, I would. If I could free some and not others, I would.”

  • Republicans

The Civil War (2/24/25)

Abolitionists and Black people did not support Lincoln.

Why?

• Hypocritical

• Racist

Some Black leaders supported disunion because slavery and freedom would not coexist.

South Carolina was the first state to secede (Dec 1860)

• GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, TX followed.

The Confederate States of America was formed in Montgomery, AL. 

• Jefferson Davis was the President of the CSA.

Secession - to leave the Union

Lincoln tried to preserve the Union but the South resisted.

• Too dependent on slavery.

  Liberation (3/4/25)

The Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

Issued on September 22, 1862

Reason: The Union had won a major victory at Antietam

It gave the Confederacy 100 days to return to the Union.

• Slavery would be maintained.

The Emancipation Proclamation was issued on January 1, 1863.

• Great Britain and France no longer considered helping the confederacy.

• The Confederacy was not a “nation” because of slavery.

54th Massachusetts Regiment

• The most famous Black unit of the Civil War

• Established in MA by Governor Andrew

• Black men who enlisted were from many different areas

• Fighting in the army would prove that Blacks deserved equality.

(no title but the date is 3/5/25)

Colonel Robert Gould Shaw was the commanding officer of the 54th. 

• Many officers felt that commanding Black troops would ruin their careers. 

 Wagner was located in Charleston, SC, and was occupied by the Confederates. 

• Col Shaw volunteered the 54th to lead the attack. 

• The 54th suffered heavy casualties. 

• Col Shaw was killed

• Ft. Wagner was never taken by the Union. 

The New York City Draft Riots (3/6/25)

The draft riots were the result of racial and class antagonisms.

• The First US Draft was instituted but the wealthy could purchase an exemption.

• Irish dock workers, who were drafted, were replaced by Black men.

• Democratic party leaders convinced the Irish Americans that the war was being waged solely for the benefit of Blacks.

The riot lasted four days and Union soldiers restored order by firing on rioting New Yorkers.

Black and the Confederacy

• In some states, Blacks were forced to labor for state governments.

  • The state would pay slave masters.

  • In a few instances, slaves were forced into combat.

The conscription law in 1862 stated that a person with 20 or more slaves did not have to serve in the Confederate army.

Jefferson Davis issued a counter-proclamation that would enslave free blacks in the South.

• It’s Hard to enforce.

Black Confederates (3/10/25)

• As the South began to lose in the war, discussions on using Black troops began. 

  • Southern leaders thought it was necessary to save the South.

• Jefferson Davis disagreed

• Articles were written that proclaimed that using Blacks was hypocritical because they were “inferior.”

• General Robert E. Lee endorsed using Black soldiers.

  • The Confederacy didn’t have the time to train and raise a full regiment.

• Lee surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse in early April 1865.

  • The Civil War came to an end.

Reconstruction (3/17/25)

Blue = notes that were ON the review; it is best to study them.

• After the Civil War, some former slave masters died from heartbreak as a result of slavery ending. Some former masters attempted to hold onto their chattel. 

• After the Civil War the most important goal for the freedmen was reuniting with family. 

• Freedmen: Former slaves 

Land 

Land meant wealth and security, and the freedmen wanted land. (Freedmen wanted land for safety/security and wealth.)

Special Field Order #15

• Issued by General William T. Sherman 

• Granted freedmen a tract of land in the area from Charleston, SC to Jacksonville, FL

• Also known as “forty acres and a mule.”

The Freedmen’s Bureau (3/18/25)

The purpose was to help former slaves transition into freedom.

• It provided food, education, and medical care and solved labor disputes.

• Destitute whites were also assisted.

Special Field Order #15 was revoked by President Andrew Johnson.

• The land was returned to its white owners.

• Johnson had issued pardons to former Confederates.

Sharecropping was a labor system that developed after the Civil War.

• Freedmen would stay on the property and be provided with tools and seeds.

• The sharecroppers (freedmen) would receive a portion of the crop at harvest.

The Black Church

The church was almost as important as the Black family

• Churches offered safety, education, community meeting space, and religious training.

Blacks saved money to buy land to build a church. (3/19/25)

• Former slaves belonged to Baptist and Methodist churches.

Congregational, Episcopal, and Presbyterian churches were attended by wealthy Blacks.

• Usually light skinned

• Services were solemn. 

Education

• “To remain illiterate was to remain enslaved.”

• Blacks were eager to learn during Reconstruction.

  • Elderly Blacks wanted to read the Bible

Freedmen preferred Black teachers.

The freedmen were taught by literate Blacks (some from the south, most were from the North) and northern whites. Values were also taught:

• Temperance, piety, timeliness, cleanliness

Many HBCUs were established

• Fisk, Benedict, Hampton, Bennett, Tougaloo

White southerners responded with contempt.

• Violence was often directed at the teachers of freedom.

Violence (3/20/25)

After the Civil War, violence against freedmen was often unprovoked.

• Beatings, shootings, and rape.

Massacres (riots) occurred when Blacks attempted to assert their rights

The justice system did not work to the benefit of the freedmen.

• Juries were all white and refused to convict other whites.

Andrew Johnson

Johnson became President after the assassination of President Lincoln

• Johnson felt that blacks were inferior and had no place in politics

Johnson pardoned former confederates

• Amnesty

• Confederate officials had to personally appeal for a pardon. 

Johnson:

• Restored Confederate lands

• Allowed former Confederates back into power if they accepted the 13th Amendment (The 13th amendment ended slavery)

• Repudiate Confederate Civil War debt

• Cancel

Black Codes (3/21/25)

Limitations on freedmen:

• Labor contracts must be signed 

• Children apprenticed

• Corporal punishment was legal

• Blacks could not serve on juries

• Blacks could not own firearms   

Things allowed under the Black Codes:

• Blacks could legally marry

• Blacks could sue in court

• Property could be purchased 

Radical Republicans (3/24/25)

Radical Republicans were determined to punish the South

• They saw the South as a place that was not apologetic for its actions.

• Radical Republicans supported Black Voting Rights.

White Northerners were against Black voting rights.

• Their concern was the former Confederates returning to power.

The Freedmen's Bureau Bill and the Civil Rights Act bill were presented to Congress.

• Freedmen’s Bureau needed funding.

• Civil Rights Act of 1866 was for the rights of Blacks.

Johnson vetoed both bills

• He claimed that Blacks would have too much power.

Congress overrode the vetoes.

Republicans passed the 14th Amendment

• It made everyone born in the U.S. citizens.

• States could be denied representatives if Blacks were not allowed to vote.
  - Black men

Answer these (3/25/25)

• 1. The image is a picture of the Ku Klux Klan, who are a group of racist, hateful white people who terrorized colored people

• 2. They dress in white to show white supremacy and wear masks to conceal their identity

• 3. This would discourage African American people from trying to fight back

• Do you think laws passed by the federal government could effectively stop widespread violence and intimidation in the South during Reconstruction? Why or why not?

The Ku Klux Klan (O_O)

Fear and intimidation were used to keep Blacks subservient.

The Klan began in 1866 in Pulaski, TN.

• Nathan Bedford Forrest was the first Grand Wizard.

• The Klan was originally a social group.

The name of the group (KKK) comes from:

• Kyklos - a Greek word which means “circle”.

• Clan, which means “family”.

  • A “K” was added for alliteration.

The KKK targeted Blacks and white Republicans.

Terrorism

• Klansmen believe Blacks are there to only serve white southerners.

• The white uniforms represented the ghosts of dead Confederates.

The Fifteenth Amendment (3/26/25)

• It granted voting rights to Black Americans. (1870)

  • However, women still couldn’t vote.

The Enforcement Acts

Acts which attempted to combat waves of violence in the South.

1870 - Outlawed the wearing of masks and disguises.

1871 - The KKK Act made it a crime to interfere with a person’s right to vote.

Habeas corpus - the right to appear before a judge and not be charged or jailed for no reason.

The North began to lose interest in Reconstruction in the 1870s.

• Some Republicans grew tired of aiding Black people.

The Panic of 1873

• The Panic of 1873 was an economic slowdown. (a depression)

  • Banks closed, and unemployment rose.

• Republicans were more concerned with the economy and corruption

• Democrats gained control of the House of Representatives.

“Panic” is an outdated word for an economic depression.

• People were unemployed

• Banks closed

• Businesses failed

Grant was in his second term when this panic happened. The “Panic” lasted for several years.

(4/1/25)

Terms

• Carpetbagger: a Northerner that would travel to the South to make money; they would carry their stuff in carpet bags

  • They were greedy and opportunistic

• Scalawag: a pejorative term for a white Southerner who supported the federal plan of Reconstruction or who joined with black freedmen and the so-called carpetbaggers in support of Republican Party policies.

Tenure of Office Act

• Johnson attempted to remove Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton from his position

The KKK Act

• Attempted to overthrow the Klan.

• Masks were outlawed and they couldn’t be on private property.

The KKK Act also made it a crime to infringe on voting rights or someone’s right to hold public office.

Habeas Corpus Act

• A Person cannot be held without knowing of their crime.

  • Did not apply if the KKK Act was violated.

Freedmen’s Bank

Chartered by Congress in 1865.

It was to help Blacks manage their deposits

• Black people had little to no money after the war.

The Panic of 1873 caused the bank to fail

• Black people lost millions of dollars

The Civil Rights Act of 1875

This attempted to enforce the right of citizens to public accommodations and transportation.

• It was not supported

Ruled unconstitutional in 1883. 

Redemption (4/2/25)

Redemption refers to the restoration of Democratic Party rule in the South. 

• Violence was the method used. 

• (Redeem meant the same thing.)

The Shotgun Policy

Open warfare against Blacks in Mississippi

• President Grant did not send troops which caused the violence to grow 

Mississippi was redeemed through violence.

Support for Black rights was fading in the South. 

Hamburg Massacre

This started because a Black drill team was confronted by whites who thought they had no right to perform. 

South Carolina then decided to imitate the Shotgun Policy. (was originally from Mississippi)

Democrats attacked and killed Blacks

• Blacks fought back in the low country.

• However, there are some blacks that supported Democrats in South Carolina.

Compromise of 1877 (4/3/25)

• Samuel Tilden (D) was the winner of the popular vote in 1876.

Rutherford B. Hayes (became president as a result of the Compromise of 1877)

• Hayes had 67 Electoral college votes while Tilden had 185

• 20 remaining electoral college votes in dispute.

• Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina > Unredeemed States Democrats and Republicans both claimed victory. 

Oregon had one contested vote whoever took the electoral votes would be the president.

The dispute ended when:

• Democrats accepted a Hayes victory 

• Hayes wouldn’t support the Republican governments in FL, LA, and SC.

Federal troops were removed from the South by Hayes, and the Republican governments collapsed. 

• Democrats took control.

The South had been redeemed.

• Reconstruction came to an END.

Review questions that weren’t on notes (4/7/25)

FREE CITIZENS VOTE 

(A way to memorize the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments) 

What was the 15th Amendment?

• Gave voting rights to freedmen / black men.

Which state was not a part of the military districts?

• Tennessee

Check out this flashcard set on Knowt: https://knowt.com/flashcards/c7e28d2f-8ec1-4623-97b6-2363a1757c3e 

Jim Crow Begins

 Disenfranchisement (4/10/25)

• White southerners implemented ways around the 15th amendment to prevent Blacks from voting

South Carolina - Eight Box Law

• A ballot had to be placed in a corresponding ballot box without assistance.

Mississippi

• Poll tax

• Property qualifications

• Black crimes: Petty theft, bigamy, arson couldn’t vote

• White crimes: grand larceny, murder, Rape COULD vote

Grandfather Clause

A law that began in Louisiana, in which proof that a person’s father or grandfather had voted before 1867 was needed to vote after the Reconstruction. (1898)

Jim Crow

Segregation was not a word that was used to describe racial separation in the late 19th century

Thomas Dartmouth “Daddy” Rice created the Jim Crow character in the early to mid-nineteenth century

• Based on a song

• Rice wore blackface and performed stereotypically. 

Whites in the South were not tolerant of the presence of Black people in public spaces

Black people felt comfortable being separate from whites

Railroads created the first segregation laws

Plessy v. Ferguson

A case that challenged the Louisiana rail segregation law.

• Homer Plessy was 1/8th black.

• Plessy lost the case in the Supreme Court → 14th Amendment rights were not violated

• Separate but equal became the law.

Racial Etiquette

It was the unwritten set of rules for social conduct between Black people and white people.

• Titles of respect did not apply to Black adults (ex. Mr, Mrs. Sir)

   Social Darwinism (4/21/25)

• Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is entirely focused on an explanation of life’s biological diversity. It is a scientific theory meant to explain observation about species. Yet some have used the theory to justify a particular view of human social, political, or economic condition. 

• Social Darwinist theories generally hold that the powerful in society are innately better than the weak and that success is proof of their superiority. 

Fighting Racism

• In the early 20th century (1919), Americans were afraid of a possible Communist takeover. 

• Reds - communists 

• Palmer Raids - deported aliens (foreigners) who were allegedly a threat to America

• Xenophobia - fear of foreigners

  • America was a xenophobic nation in the 1920

• Sacco and Vanzetti - two Sicilian anarchists who were executed for allegedly committing a murder

• Anarchists - a person who does not advocate for organized government; want to overthrow

Scientific Racism

Based on pseudoscience, false science presented as legitimate scholarship.

Quotas were placed on immigrants from Latin America, the Caribbean, Eastern and Southern Europe

Asians were banned from immigrating

The Birth of a Nation

A 1915 film that showed the KKK as heroes and Reconstruction-era Republican Governments as corrupt

• President Woodrow Wilson said  the movie was truthful

• The KKK was renewed after the film was released

• The KKK was at its most powerful in the 1920s

  • 5 million members including a boys/girls and a women’s order

The Early 20th Century

This is all from a google form so the red words are the questions. Green are the answers, of course I may have messed up so if you see a green star or like a weird sentence please fix it.

Perhaps the most well known book by W.E.B. Du Bois is The Souls of Black Folk. Explain his concept of "double consciousness". *

He is stating African Americans are required to consider their view of themselves, the worlds, & how whites have on them during all stages of life.

What was the purpose of the Niagara Movement? 

The Niagara Movement was dedicated to obtain civil rights for African Americans.

In what way was Du Bois connected to The Crisis magazine? *

Du Bois was the editor.

Why was the NAACP founded? (Use the link in the Du Bois article) *

To fight racism against colored people in the U.S.

Name some of the founders of the NAACP. *

Mary White Ovington, Henry Mosowitz, William English Walling, Oswald Garrison Villard, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B Wells, Archibald Grimke, & Mary Church Terrell.

Choose one of the founders, listed, other than Du Bois, and explain what their accomplishments were. *

Mary White Ovington helped the Greenpoint Settlement in Brooklyn & the Greenwich House Committee on Social Investigation in 1904. She was also a journalist.

How was the literacy test in Oklahoma designed to work? *

The Oklahoma literacy test was designed for Blacks & African Americans to take in order to vote. It's main purpose was to discriminated against illiterate Blacks.

What was 

Guinn v. United States? *

A case where the NAACP tested against the law & won by ruling that the grandfather clauses were unconstitutional. 

.

How is the Harlem Renaissance defined? *

A blossoming of African American culture that focused on arts & influential African American history. It embraced literary, musical, theatrical, & visual arts. The movement overall was to move away from white stereotypes & to bring together Blacks relationship to their heritage & each other.

How did the Great Migration impact the Harlem Renaissance? *

The Great Migration impacted the Harlem Renaissance by African Americans from different spaces and parts of the city, uplifting civil rights, the race & its pride, socioeconomic opportunities, creating national organizations, & a dramatic rise in literacy.

The article gives a short history of Harlem. Explain this history. *

Harlem was a catalyst for the arts & very popular nightlife. It is located north of Central Park & was a former white residential area by the early 1920's.

How did the art style of primitivism affect the Harlem Renaissance? *

In the early 20's European artists drew inspiration from African masks to break away from realistic authentic styles of abstraction in painting & sculpting. This caused African American intellectuals to focus more on their heritage that was despised or misunderstood by white & Blacks.

Define the term, cultural pluralism. *

A term that states diverse cultures should develop side by side in harmony.

Give two examples that James Weldon Johnson and W.E.B. Du Bois state that Blacks have made on America.

.

1. *

Argued while white Americans continued to look Europe or sacrificed artistic values to commercials ones. 

2. *

Asserted that the only uniquely "American" expressive traditions in the US had been developed by African Americans.

What musical styles were created by Blacks during this time? *

Jazz & the Blues.

What was the impact of this music? *

It helped spark a "Negro Vogue" in NYC & Paris. It became a tourist guide to Harlem that profit off of the "exotic" aspects of Black urban life & madness of Black urban life, professionals, & writers.

What hope did Black leaders of the 1920s have for Black art? *

They hoped that achievement in the arts would help revolutionize race relations while also enhancing Black American's understanding themselves as people.

Use the internet to define the term, The New Negro. *

A movement in the 19th and 20th centuries that represents African Americans to move away from the "Old Negro" term.

Answer the following:

.

Where was Marcus Garvey born? *

Saint Ann's Bay Jamaica

Where did he receive an education? *

Birkbeck University of London

Use the internet to define the purpose of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. 

A black nationalist organization founded by Marcus Garvey in 1914.

Explain what Negro World was. *

A weekly newspaper w/ wildered circulation created by Marcus Garvey that preached his philosophy of black consciousness, self-help, & economic independence.

What was the purpose of the Black Star Line? *

A U.N.I.A enterprise to link people of color around the world.

Who was J. Edgar Hoover? *

An American attorney & law enforcement administrator. He was the 5th and final director of the Bureau of Investigation. Hoover was also the 1st director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

What was Garvey charged with? *

Mail Fraud

Why did Garvey meet with the KKK at one point? *

He shared a common goal of complete separation between white & blacks.

What did Du Bois and the NAACP think of Garvey? *

He didn't agree w/ Garvey's beliefs. Du Bois had believed African Americans should be able to fight for their rights. NAACP also disagreed w/ Garvey.

What did his supporters say about him? *

His supporters saw the Black Star Line as a way of how Blacks are moving towards economic independence.

What is a sundown town?

 *

A sundown were communities across the north that banned African Americans, Jews, and others, after dark.

Find three cities or towns in Pennsylvania and report the “sundown” incidents.

.

A) *

Bingham city had no black person that could be in the city limits. They could work at the mine but not live in the city. Bingham also ran its Chinese residents out in 1880 due to a rumor case of leprosy in its Chinatown.

B) *

Altamont residents talked about a written law forbidding African Americans from entering the town after sundown in the 1970s.

C) *

In Laramie, black athletes were not allowed to stay in the city overnight. 

 In the 5 Myths article and click on the link in the article “still pervasive...” and read the article. Write a one paragraph response to the piece (7   sentences).
 *

The article is basically saying how white supremacy was placed into the fears of Blacks. The myths of African American dominance have been justified for violence & oppression. It dehumanizes them while also showing them as a threat. 

  What is shocking about the phrase, “waving the bloody shirt”? *

It makes the person visualize the suffering & violence they faced.

The Civil Rights Movement / Freedom Movement

Brown v Board of Education

• Linda Brown plaintiff

• NAACP-LEDF(Legal Education Defense Fund) Attorneys for Linda Brown 

• Thurgood Marshall

• Constance Baker Motley (Co-counsel)

• John Hope Franklin (Historian) > Members of the dream 

• Dr Kenneth Clark (psychologist)> Members of the dream team 

• “The Doll Test” was given to kids

• Earl Warren (Chief Justice of the Supreme Court)

Brown II

1955 Supreme Court ruling

• Desegregation must occur “with all deliberate speed.”

• Understood differently by Blacks and Whites

1. Blacks - “Now”

2. Whites - “Later” or “Never”

Resistance to Brown II

• Evangelical Christians speak out.

• Formation of White Citizens Councils

• Southern Manifesto issued.

• Southern Politicians vowed to fight against desegregation.

Little Rock 9 05/13

• Little Rock Central High School

• Governor Orville Faubus 

• 101st Airborne

Birmingham  05/15

In Birmingham, AL Blacks faced educational discrimination, few economic opportunities and the KKK.

• “Bull” Connor was the public safety commissioner

The SCLC was to take part in Project C “Confrontation” to force Bull Connor to react

The courts ordered Dr. King to cease with the protests. He continued and was arrested.

• Rev. Ralph Abernathy, King’s closest colleague, was also arrested.

While in jail, Dr. King wrote, “Letter From Birmingham Jail.”

• It was a response to white ministers asking Dr. King to “wait” for equality.

The SLCL came up with a new tactic. 

The Children’s Crusade.

• Elementary to high school aged children would protest.

• The children were attacked by dogs and sprayed with fire hoses.

The violence caused an agreement to be reached which ended segregation in stores and allowed for the hiring of Black workers.

Responses

• The home of Dr. King’s brother, A.D. King, was burned down.

• SCLC headquarters was firebombed.

• Medgar Evers killed in Jackson, MS

• He was shot and killed in his driveway in Jackson, MS. Evers was an NAACP executive secretary.

March on Washington (5/19)

The March on Washington. The March was originally proposed in 1941 but was cancelled.

• In 1963, the idea of a March was renewed as a way of getting a civil rights bill

• Bayard Rustin presented the idea of a new March.

At the March on Washington, Dr. King presented his, I Have A Dream Speech. 

Three weeks after the March on Washington, the 16th St. Baptist Church was bombed in Birmingham, AL. Four girls were killed. 

President Kennedy was assassinated later that year in November.

After Kennedy’s assassination, Lyndon Johnson became President.

• Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law.

• Segregation in public places was outlawed.

• Employment discrimination was outlawed.

Mississippi Freedom Summer 1964 (5/21)

A voter registration drive in MS.

• Mississippi was the symbolic center of racism

The voter registration drive was sponsored by COFO (Council of Federated Organizations) 

• SCLC, SNCC, CORE, were affiliated 

Freedom Summer entailed the use of white college students attempting to register Black Mississppians to vote.

• The strategy was that any violence against white college students would bring national attention

• Participants in Freedom Summer had to be trained in non-violent tacts. 

The disappearance of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Mickey Scherner caused the nation to pay attention.

5/22

The murders caused a change in the movement

• There was a shift away from non-violent protest

Outcome of Freedom Summer

• Community centers and freedom Schools were established.

• There was a shift to more confrontation from younger civil rights activists

• The role of white civil rights activists was minimized

• The popularity of Dr. King began to decline.

The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

• Formed by Bob Moses of COFO because the Democratic Party excluded Blacks from its nominating convention. 

• The MFDP held its own election for delegates

• A compromise was made to seat 2 delegates at the convention

• Johnson was afraid of losing southern WHITE voters.

Fannie Lou Hamer spoke at the convention for the MFDP

• She was from Mississippi and had been evicted from a plantation for registering Blacks to vote.

• She was a natural orator who frightened President Johnson.

Selma 5/23

• Progress in voter registration was slow in Dallas County

A night march in Perry County led to the shooting death of Jimmie Lee Jackson.

• He was protecting his mother from a beating by police.

Dr. King and the SCLC was called and a march from Selma to Montgomery was planned.

Dr. King was given a court injunction to not march

• King decided to march partially onto the Edmund Pettus Bridge and then turn around.

-  SNCC became angry at King and his popularity declined further

Voting Rights Act of 1965        

• Outlawed discrimination in voting 

• Banned literacy tests and poll taxes.