electronic_configuration

Page 1: Electronic Configuration

Electronic Configuration Notation:

  • Example: 2,8,2

  • Notation Example: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶

Page 2: Electrons

Terminology:

  • Principal Energy Levels:

    • n=1

    • n=2

    • n=3

    • n=4

Total electrons capacity per level: 2, 8, 18, 32 respectively.

Page 3: Orbitals

Electron Location:

  • Orbitals represent the most probable locations of electrons.

  • It is impossible to specify the exact location of an electron.

Page 4: Orbital Filling Guidelines

How to Fill Orbitals:

  • Use arrows to represent electrons.

  • Fill lowest energy subshells first.

  • Place one electron in each orbital of a subshell before pairing.

Page 5: Subshells and Orbital Capacity

Subshells Definition:

  • Orbitals can be further broken down into subshells: s, p, d, f.

Orbital Capacity:

  • Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.

  • Electrons in each orbital have identical properties but opposite spins.

Page 6: Energy Levels Description

Energy Levels:

  • Energy levels represented by:

    • n=1 (K)

    • n=2 (L)

    • n=3 (M)

    • n=4 (N)

  • Examples of orbitals: 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f.

Page 7: Sublevels of Energy Levels

TABLE 5.1: Sublevels of the first four energy levels.

Principal Energy Level 1:

  • Number of Orbitals: 1

  • Sublevel: s (Total electrons: 2)

Principal Energy Level 2:

  • Sublevels: s and p

  • Total orbitals: 4

  • Total electrons: 8

Principal Energy Level 3:

  • Sublevels: s, p, d

  • Total orbitals: 9

  • Total electrons: 18

Principal Energy Level 4:

  • Sublevels: s, p, d, f

  • Total orbitals: 16

  • Total electrons: 32

Page 8: Order of Filling Orbitals

Filling Order for High Energy:

  • Follow the order: 7s, 7p, 7d, 7f, 6s, 6p, 6d, 5s...

  • Example Configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s²

Page 9: Third Shell Electrons

Capacity for 3rd Shell:

  • Accommodates 18 electrons; typically filled only to 8 in basic configurations.

  • Orbital filling order for n=3 includes: 3d, 4s, 4p.

Page 10: Electronic Configuration of Elements

Element Electronic Configurations:

  • Lithium (Li): 3

  • Carbon (C): 6

  • Oxygen (O): 8

  • Neon (Ne): 10

  • Sodium (Na): 11

  • Aluminium (Al): 13

  • Phosphorus (P): 15

  • Chlorine (Cl): 17

  • Potassium (K): 19

  • Calcium (Ca): 20