CH. 7 Sci

Chromosomes are found in the nucleus and are made up of smaller sections of genetic material, called genes, that determine the traits of an offspring.

Parents pass chromosomes to offspring and the genes on those chromosomes determine inherited traits.

Genes in the Nucleus

Explain Answer the following questions. What is a gene? What does it do?

What is the relationship between a chromosome and gene?

Genes in the Nucleus Answers Explain Answer the following questions.

What is a gene? What does it do?

A section of genetic material that codes for specific traits that offspring inherit.

What is the relationship between a chromosome and gene?

Genes are small sections of genetic material within a chromosome.

Exit Ticket

Choose one of the following ways to summarize what you know about cell structures and their functions.

1. Draw a picture of a plant cell. Label the structures and organelles with captions that describe their functions.

2. Write a descriptive story about what one would encounter if they could shrink down to the size of an organelle and voyage into a cell.

Mitochondria convert chemical energy stored in food into another form of energy that cells use to carry out daily processes.

Chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight and changes it into an anergy form that cells can use to make food.

Vacuoles are found in plant and animal cells but tend to be larger in plants. They store water and other materials.

Functions of Organelles

Identify Explain the function of each organelle.

Organelle

chloroplast vacuole

ribosome mitochondria

nucleus

Function

Functions of Organelles Answers Identify Explain the function of each organelle.

Organelle

chloroplast vacuole

ribosome

mitochondria

nucleus

Function

converts sunlight into energy used to make food stores food, water, and other materials produces proteins

convert food into energy cells can use

directs cell activities; stores and transmits genetic information

What is the function of genes?

•Every living thing needs a set of instructions to grow and function. The set of instructions are in the nucleus of the cell. Each chromosome contains genetic material, known as DNA, which is passed on from one generation to the next. These threadlike structures contain proteins that carry genetic information.

•Within each chromosome there are smaller

sections of genetic material, called genes,

that codes for a trait. Genes, determine the

inherited traits of an offspring.

•Your traits, such as eye color, height, and the ability to properly digest milk comes from specific codes on genes that you inherited. You got these traits because entire chromosomes, containing genetic information and genes, are passed down from parents to offspring.

What is the function of genes? continued

Each chromosome contains genetic material which is passed on from one generation to the next.

The nucleus is an organelle that contains genetic material and directs or controls most cellular activities. the genetic information in the nucleus is also called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

•The ribosome is a cell structure that produces proteins.

• Proteins are important substances in cells.

Proteins are important for nearly all cellular tasks including building bones and muscles, metabolic reactions, immune response, cellular repair, and

much more!

What are the functions of organelles? 1

continued

Organelles work together to assist the health of an organism by controlling cellular processes. The nucleus is the command center for the cell and houses the genetic material of the organism.

A ribosome produces proteins.

The mitochondrion is an organelle that converts chemical energy stored in food into another form of energy that cells can use to carry out daily processes.

What are the functions of organelles? 2

The chloroplast is an organelle in plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and changes it to an energy form that cells can use in making food. You may wish to mention that the process in which plants make food

is called photosynthesis.

vacuole

•The vacuole stores substances such as water and other important materials, including salts, proteins, carbohydrates,

and waste.

Copyright © Savvas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Reserved. Savvas is not responsible for any modifications maAll cells have a cell membrane, but since animal cells do not have a cell wall, the cell membrane is the outermost barrier in animal cells.

•Contained inside the cell membrane of all cells is a thick fluid that makes up most of the volume of a cell called cytoplasm. Organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm.

What are the functions of cell structures?

continued

Specific structures work together to support the cell. The cell wall provides support, shape, and protection in plant cells. Plant and animal cells both have a cell membrane that controls what substances enter and exit the cell. Cytoplasm is the thick fluid-like substance that fills the interior of the cell and suspends organelles.

Match Structure and Function

Structure and Function Use the word bank of functions to identify the function of the labeled cell structures.

Word Bank

transports substances in and out

protection and support

supports and holds other cell structures

Match Structure and Function Answers Structure and Function Use the word bank of functions to

identify the function of the labeled cell structures.

Word Bank

protection and support

supports and holds other cell structures

transports substances in and out

What are the functions of organelles? 1nes?

Words to Know

organelle

cell wall

cell membrane

TEKS 8.13A, 8.13B, 8.1G, 8.5D

cytoplasm

nucleus

organelle tiny cell structure inside the cell that is specialized for a specific function

cell wall a rigid protective covering outside the cell membrane in many cells, including plant cells

cell membrane barrier that surrounds all cells that controls what enters and leaves the cell

cytoplasm thick fluid-like substance that fills the interior of the cell where organelles of the cell are suspended

nucleus an organelle that contains genetic material and directs or controls most cellular activities

ribosome a cell structure that produces proteins

mitochondrion an organelle that converts chemical energy stored in food into

another form of energy that cells can use to carry out daily processes

chloroplast an organelle in plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and changes it to an energy form that cells can use in making food

vacuole an organelle that stores water and other important materials, including salts, proteins, carbohydrates, and waste

chromosome a structure found in the nucleus of the cell that contains genetic material which is passed on from one generation to the next

gene a section of genetic material that codes for a trait

What is a cell?

1. the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism

What are the components of cells?

Ed Reschke/Photodisc/Getty Images; Arif Biswas/Shutterstock

• Living things are made up of smaller components.

• the hierarchy of living things is organism􏰀organ system􏰀organ􏰀tissue􏰀cell.

• organelles do specific functions that support the health of an organism.

• The cell is the smallest of the five and the basic unit of all organisms.

• Like the other five levels of organization, all cellular structures have their own specific function.

• These functions help support the life of the cell, as do all other levels of organization of the organism.

• the word organelle means “little organ”. organelles are not, however, organs, since a cell cannot have organs.

• The cell organelles divide the amount of work, or labor, so that the cells needs are met and that it survives.

What are the components of cells? continued

All living things are made up of smaller components that have their own function, but function together to support the health of an organism.

The cell is the basic component of living things. It is made up of cellular structures. Organelles are tiny cellular structures found inside the cell that have a specific function.

Ed Reschke/Photodisc/Getty Images; Arif Biswas/Shutterstock

Components of Cells

Identify Rewrite each false statement so that it is true.

The cell is the largest of the five levels of organization.

An organelle is a cellular structure found outside the cell.

Cellular structures can perform all tasks to support the health of an organism.

Components of Cells Answers

Identify Rewrite each false statement so that it is true.

The cell is the largest of the five levels of organization.

The cell is the smallest of the five levels of organization.

An organelle is a cellular structure found outside the cell.

An organelle is a cellular structure found inside the cell.

Cellular structures can perform all tasks to support the health of an organism.

Cellular structures have their own specific functions to support the health of an organism.

What are the functions of cell structures?

•All cells have supporting outer layers. These layers are barriers that provide structure, support, and protection, and control what enters or exits the cell.

•The cells of all plants and most prokaryotes have two barriers. The outermost barrier is a rigid protective outer covering called the cell wall.

•The cell wall supports, shapes, and protects

the cell. The cell membrane is inside the

cell wall.

•organelles do specific functions that support the health of an organism.

• The cell is the smallest of the five and the basic unit of all organisms.

• Like the other five levels of organization, all cellular structures have their own specific function.

• These functions help support the life of the cell, as do all other levels of organization of the organism.

• the word organelle means “little organ”. organelles are not, however, organs, since a cell cannot have organs.

• The cell organelles divide the amount of work, or labor, so that the cells needs are met and that it survives.

What are the components of cells? continued

All living things are made up of smaller components that have their own function, but function together to support the health of an organism.

The cell is the basic component of living things. It is made up of cellular structures. Organelles are tiny cellular structures found inside the cell that have a specific function.

Ed Reschke/Photodisc/Getty Images; Arif Biswas/Shutterstock

Components of Cells

Identify Rewrite each false statement so that it is true.

The cell is the largest of the five levels of organization.

An organelle is a cellular structure found outside the cell.

Cellular structures can perform all tasks to support the health of an organism.

Components of Cells Answers

Identify Rewrite each false statement so that it is true.

The cell is the largest of the five levels of organization.

The cell is the smallest of the five levels of organization.

An organelle is a cellular structure found outside the cell.

An organelle is a cellular structure found inside the cell.

Cellular structures can perform all tasks to support the health of an organism.

Cellular structures have their own specific functions to support the health of an organism.

What are the functions of cell structures?

•All cells have supporting outer layers. These layers are barriers that provide structure, support, and protection, and control what enters or exits the cell.

•The cells of all plants and most prokaryotes have two barriers. The outermost barrier is a rigid protective outer covering called the cell wall.

•The cell wall supports, shapes, and protects

the cell. The cell membrane is inside the

cell wall.

organelle tiny cell structure inside the cell that is specialized for a specific function

cell wall a rigid protective covering outside the cell membrane in many cells, including plant cells

cell membrane barrier that surrounds all cells that controls what enters and leaves the cell

cytoplasm thick fluid-like substance that fills the interior of the cell where organelles of the cell are suspended

nucleus an organelle that contains genetic material and directs or controls most cellular activities

ribosome a cell structure that produces proteins

mitochondrion an organelle that converts chemical energy stored in food into

another form of energy that cells can use to carry out daily processes

chloroplast an organelle in plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and changes it to an energy form that cells can use in making food

vacuole an organelle that stores water and other important materials, including salts, proteins, carbohydrates, and waste

chromosome a structure found in the nucleus of the cell that contains genetic material which is passed on from one generation to the next

gene a section of genetic material that codes for a trait

What is a cell?

1. the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism

What are the components of cells?

Ed Reschke/Photodisc/Getty Images; Arif Biswas/Shutterstock

• Living things are made up of smaller components.

• the hierarchy of living things is organism􏰀organ system􏰀organ􏰀tissue􏰀cell.Survival Variations, Adaptations, and Vocab Tip When you observe, you notice something that is significant. For example, you may observe that one rabbit has white fur and another has grey fur. List three things that you observe in your current environment. Have you ever seen a monarch butterfly? Their wings are bright orange with black lines and white dots on the edges. This coloration warns potential predators that they are toxic. Should a bird eat a monarch, it will get sick. The bird will then avoid eating any more monarchs. Monarchs with this coloration are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass the trait onto the next generation. Variations of Traits In a population, you might observe variations in how organisms look. If a rabbit has slightly different genes for coat color, it often looks quite different from another individual. Variations in behavior and physiology— the processes that keep organisms alive—may also occur within a population. Variations may help some members in a population survive. Any inherited characteristic or behavior that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment is an adaptation. These favorable variations are passed on to offspring, making the adaptation common within the population. There are three main types of adaptations: behavioral, structural, and physiological. Organisms often have more than one type of adaptation to increase the likelihood of their survival. Variations Trait variations that increase an organism's chance of survival are often passed on to their offspring. Over several generations, these variations can become more common in a population. Texas longhorns have many variations, including coat color and pattern.

Bluebonnets aren’t always blue. They also come in shades of maroon, pink, and white. TEKS 8.13C,

Behavioral Adaptations Have you ever wondered why some birds chirp? They may be chirping because they are warning other birds about a predator, or they could be courting the opposite sex. Birds chirp because the behavior increases their chances of survival. Something that an organism does, usually when responding to a stimulus in its environment, that allows it to survive and reproduce is a behavioral adaptation. Different organisms have various behavioral adaptations that help them survive. Coyotes work together in a pack to bring down large prey. Racoons are nocturnal, hunting at night camouflaged by their fur. Bats reduce their activity and hibernate during the winter months when there are less insects for them to eat. In the dry, hot summer months, the water-holding frog reduces its activity, stores water in its bladder, and buries itself underground. Use Visuals Examine the butterfly migration map. Work with a partner to explain what the map key is and how to use it to understand the map. Migration Behavioral adaptations help organisms survive, thus passing on these traits to future generations. A monarch butterfly's behavioral adaptation is to migrate between the United States and Mexico.

? ? NONMIGRATORY POPULATION OVERWINTERING NO MILKWEED SPRING BREEDING SUMMER BREEDING SPRING & SUMMER BREEDING KEY South North Uncommon ?

1 Monarch butterflies migrate from their breeding grounds in the northern United States to their winter habitats in Mexico. 2 In the spring, adults stop in Texas to feed on milkweed and lay eggs. New individuals hatch from eggs and migrate north. 3 This multi-generational migration changed over time as an adaptation to seasonal weather changes.

Monarch butterflies migrate from their breeding grounds in the northern United States to their winter habitats in Mexico. 2 In the spring, adults stop in Texas to feed on milkweed and lay eggs. New individuals hatch from eggs and migrate north. 3 This multi-generational migration changed over time as an adaptation to seasonal weather changes.

You may have seen a female black widow spider. If so, you know that it has a large glossy dark abdomen with long thin legs. On the underside of the abdomen is the characteristic bright-red hourglass shape. This red color is a warning coloration. It sends a message to potential predators that it is toxic. This and other variations in physical features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are structural adaptations. Structural adaptations are easy to identify. Looking at an organism, you may observe structures such as claws, differences in teeth or beaks, eye placement, scales, or webbed feet that have specific functions. However, some organisms have unique structural adaptations. Viceroy butterflies mimic, or look similar to, monarch butterflies to avoid being eaten. Chameleons change colors for many different reasons! They may change colors to camouflage with their environment, absorb more heat from the sun, warn about a predator, or signal they are willing to mate with another chameleon. Connect To It As you read, consider structural adaptations you may have observed in nature. Write down notes about your observations. Structural Adaptations Plants and animals have structural adaptations. A prickly pear cactus has protective spines that function to ward off animals that may eat it. A walrus has a layer of blubber that functions to keep their vital organs warm. structural adaptation

Behavioral and structural adaptations are easy to observe. Other adaptations are internal and are not as easy to notice. For example, ants produce and release chemicals, called pheromones, that communicate with other members of their species. Ants can use these chemicals to mark a trail to help other ants in their colony find food. This is an example of a physiological adaptation, an internal change that permits an organism to perform special functions that help it survive and reproduce. While ants use a physiological adaptation for communication, other organisms use this adaptation for protection. Camels live in hot, desert environments. Their cellular structures allow them to drink and store a large amount of water. Poison dart frogs secrete toxins that can kill a predator if they touch or eat the frog. Opossums are known to ‘play dead’ to avoid a predator attack. Opossums also have physiological adaptations. They have a substance in their blood that neutralizes snake poison. They also have a low body temperature, which makes it unlikely they will catch the rabies virus from predators like a fox. Write About It Provide written examples of the three types of adaptations described in this Experience. Focus on the distinguishing characteristics of each type, such as physiological adaptations working mostly internally and structural adaptations working mostly on the surface. Physiological Adaptations Snakes produce poisonous venom, a physiological adaptation, to ward off predators and capture prey. The corpse flower's physiological adaptation is to produce rancid smelling fumes, attracting insects that typically feast on dead or dying animals. These insects come to the flower for a meal and help pollinate the flower.
Variations, Adaptations, and Survival CELL STRUCTURES, INHERITANCE, AND SURVIVAL 385 Copyright © Savvas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.

Survival Variations, Adaptations: When you observe, you notice something significant, such as a rabbit with white fur and another with grey fur.
Monarch Butterflies: Their bright orange wings with black lines and white dots warn predators of their toxicity; birds that eat them get sick and avoid them in the future.
Variations of Traits: Populations display variations in physical appearance, behavior, and physiology, which may aid survival.
- Adaptations are inherited characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction, categorized into three main types: behavioral, structural, and physiological.
Behavioral Adaptations: Organisms may exhibit behaviors that increase survival, like birds chirping to alert others or coyotes hunting in packs.
Migration: Monarchs migrate between the U.S. and Mexico, with multi-generational migrations adapting to seasonal changes.
Structural Adaptations: These include physical traits like the black widow spider’s warning coloration and the protective spines of a prickly pear cactus.
Physiological Adaptations: Internal functions such as ants using pheromones to communicate or camels' ability to store water.

Computers are made up of a motherboard, Central Processing Unit, video card, volatile card, and Hard Disc Drive.
Living things are made of smaller components with specific functions.
The hierarchial organization in plants and animals includes organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells.
The cell is the smallest unit of all organisms, made up of cellular structures called organelles.
Functions of cellular structures support the health of the organism.
Plant and animal cells share some organelles, while others are unique to each.
All cells have supporting outer layers: cell wall (in plants, fungi, most prokaryotes) and cell membrane (in all cells).
The cell wall provides structure, support, and protection.

adaptation any inherited characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment

behavioral adaptation something that an organism does, usually when responding to a stimulus in its environment, that allows it to survive and reproduce

structural adaptation variations in physical features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce

physiological adaptation an internal change that permits an organism to perform special functions that help it survive and reproduce

•Traits are inherited characteristics that are passed on from parents to future generations.

•Variations are differences in traits. Variations can be physical (coat color), behavioral (courtship rituals), or physiological (venom). Variations that increase an organism’s chance of survival are often passed on to

offspring.

•Any feature or behavior that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment is an adaptation.

•There are three main types of adaptations: behavioral, structural, and physiological.

•Organisms often have more than one type of adaptation to increase the likelihood of their survival.

•Over time, an adaptation can become so common in a population that it’s a typical feature of the species.

•In other cases, different variations persist because all of them are either helpful or they aren’t harmful to those individuals’ chances.

What are some traits that vary quite a bit within some species?

(Sample: skin color, eye color, body size)

Variations that increase an organism’s chance of survival are often passed on to their offspring. Over several generations these variations tend to become more common within the population. Any feature or behavior that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment is an adaptation.

Oryphotography/Shutterstock

Identify the Variations

Group Activity

Identify the Variations

Identify List 3–4 variations among this litter of puppies.

Happy Monkey/Shutterstock

the traits that are varying (e.g. ear shape, coat color)

• OR

• the variations within the traits (blonde, brown, or black fur, floppy or tall ears)

traits that vary: ear shape, coat colors, coat patterns, coat texture, snout shape

variations: ears (floppy, tall) coat colors (blonde, black and white, blond and white); coat patterns (multiple); coat texture (smooth, wrinkled); snout shape

(flat, pointier)

Identify the Variations Answers

Identify List 3–4 variations among this litter of puppies.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Coat/fur color

Ear position

Amount of skin folds

Coat/fur patterns

Happy Monkey/Shutterstock

How do behavioral adaptations increase species success?

What behavioral adaptation do monarch butterflies have?

IrinaK/Shutterstock

•Something that an organism does, usually when responding to a stimulus in its environment, that allows it to survive and reproduce is a behavioral adaptation.

•This can include specific types of actions or behaviors.

•Migration is a behavioral adaptation.

•This can include specific types of actions or behaviors.

•Migration is a behavioral adaptation. Monarch butterflies migrate from their breeding grounds in the northern United States to their winter habitats in Mexico.

• In the spring, adults stop in Texas to feed on milkweed and lay eggs

. Eggs hatch and new individuals migrate north.

This multi-generational migration evolved over time as an adaptation to seasonal weather changes

The water-holding frog estivates during the dry hot summer months by burying itself underground and secreting mucus that hardens into a protective layer that retains water.

How do behavioral adaptations increase species success? continued

A behavioral adaptation is something an organism does, usually when responding to a stimulus in its environment, that allows it survive and reproduce.

Examples of behavioral adaptations include: migration, working in a pack, and hibernation.

•Plants and animals can have structural adaptations which are variations to physical features that help them survive and reproduce.

•The spines of the prickly pear protect the plant from being eaten or foraged for the water it contains.

. Claws, thorns, scales or shells used as a protective covering, muscles to run fast, large ears, thick fur, small or large leaves, and waxy leaf coverings are all examples. However, some organisms have unique structural adaptations.

Viceroy butterflies mimic, or look similar to, monarch butterflies to avoid being eaten. Some fish and butterflies have false eyespots that mimic more threatening organisms or confuse predators so if they are attacked they

have a greater chance of survival.

How do structural adaptations increase species success? continued

A structural adaptation is a variation in physical features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce. For example, the spines of the prickly pear are a structural adaptation.

The Jungle Explorer/Shutterstock

Structural Adaptations of Local Organisms

Identify Work with a partner and list 3 local organisms. Then identify a structural adaptation that each organism possesses.

Organism Structural Adaptati

Structural Adaptations of Local Organisms

Answers

Identify Work with a partner and list 3 local organisms. Then identify a structural adaptation that each organism possesses.

Organism

armadillo

Structural Adaptation

armor for protection against predators

light stripes on gray back to blend in with leaf litter and shaded planted areas

long legs for wading in water, long beak for stabbing at prey in water

rat snake

great blue heron

How do physiological adaptations increase species success?

Mark Kostich/Shutterstock

•A physiological adaptation is an internal change that permits an organism to perform special functions that help it survive and reproduce.

•Ants produce and release chemicals, called

pheromones, that communicate with other

members of their species. Ants use these chemicals to mark a trail to help other ants in their colony find food.

•Snakes and spiders produce venom to paralyze their prey and make it easier to digest them.

• Fish and reptiles are cold-blooded so that they can live in a cold-water environment. Plants release nectar to attract insects that help them

spread pollen needed for reproduction.

How do physiological adaptations increase species success? continued

A physiological adaptation is an internal change that permits an organism to perform special functions that help it survive and reproduce.

Mark Kostich/Shutterstock

• A behavioral adaptation is something that an organism does, usually when responding to a stimulus in its environment, that allows it to survive and reproduce.

• A structural adaptation is a variation in physical features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce.

• A physiological adaptation is an internal change that permits the organism to perform special functions that help it survive and reproduce.

Pufferfish Adaptations

Categorize Pufferfish have different adaptations. How would you categorize each adaptation?

has spines

puffs up

has toxins

Eric Isselee/Shutterstock

Pufferfish Adaptations Answers

Categorize Pufferfish have different adaptations. How would you

categorize each adaptation?

has spines

structural

puffs up

behavioral

has toxins

physiological

Eric Isselee/Shutterstock

A behavioral adaptation is something that an organism does, usually when responding to a stimulus in its environment, that allows it to survive and reproduce.

• A structural adaptation is a variation in physical features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce.

• A physiological adaptation is an internal change that permits the organism to perform special functions that help it survive and reproduce.

Exit Ticket

Choose one of the following ways to describe how behavioral, structural, and physiological adaptations help an organism survive and reproduce. Give examples in your explanations.

1. Draw a comic strip.

2. Write a 6–7 sentence paragraph.

Have you ever thought about the components that make up your computer? Computers are made up of a motherboard, Central Processing Unit, video card, volatile card, and Hard Disc Drive. Like computers, living things are also made up of smaller components that have specific functions. Cellular Components You know that the hierarchial organization within plants and animals are organ system, organ, tissue, and cell. The cell is the smallest of these levels and is the basic unit of all organisms. A cell is made up of smaller specialized components called cellular structures. Tiny cellular structures found inside the cell that have a specific function are called organelles. Like the other levels of organization, all cellular structures have their own specific function. These functions help support the health of the organism, as do all other levels of organization. Plant Cell Animal Cell organelles Organelles Most cell structures found within plant and animal cells are organelles. Some of the same organelles are found in both plant and animal cells, while some are found only in plant cells. TEKS 8.13A,

Each cell structure carries out a specific function that supports the whole cell, just as an organ does for the body. All cells have supporting outer layers. These layers are barriers that provide structure, support, and protection, and control what enters or exits the cell. The cells of plants, fungi, and most prokaryotes have two barriers. The outermost barrier is a rigid protective outer covering called the cell wall. The cell wall supports, shapes, and protects the cell. Inside the cell wall is a flexible barrier, called the cell membrane, that controls what substances enter and exit the cell. For example, water enters through the cell membrane when the cell needs water and leaves through the cell membrane when there is too much water inside the cell. All cells have a cell membrane, but since animal cells do not have a cell wall, the cell membrane is the outermost barrier in animal cells. Contained inside the cell membrane of all cells is a thick fluid that makes up most of the volume of a cell called cytoplasm. Organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm. Vocab Tip The term support means “to bear all or part of the weight” or “give assistance to." Structural barriers of cells support them and the organism. Create a list of ways you provide support. Cell Structures Each cell is a system that carries out all processes necessary for life. All cells have some features in common. However, cells also have specialized structures that aid in their survival. Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell membrane

The cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasm work together to assist in the health of the organism by giving support to the cell. Organelles also work together to assist in the health of the organism by controlling cellular activities, processing energy, and storing substances. The nucleus is an organelle that contains genetic material and directs or controls most cellular activities. The ribosome is a cell structure that produces proteins. Nearly every cellular task needs proteins. Mitochondria and chloroplasts control energy processing in the cell. The mitochondrion is an organelle that converts chemical energy (stored in food) into another form of energy that cells can use to carry out daily processes. The chloroplast is an organelle in plants, and some other organisms, that captures energy from sunlight and changes it to an energy form that cells can use in making food. The vacuole stores substances such as water and other important materials, including salts, proteins, carbohydrates, and waste. Cell Organelles Like cellular structures, each organelle carries out its own specific function to aid the cell's survival.

Animal Cell Plant Cell Vacuoles store water, food, waste products, or other materials. Nucleus regulates the activities of the cell and houses genetic material. Ribosomes help construct proteins for the cell. Mitochondria produce energy for the organism to carry out their life functions. Chloroplasts help the plant cell make food.

Computers are made up of a motherboard, Central Processing Unit, video card, volatile card, and Hard Disc Drive.
Living things are made of smaller components with specific functions.
The hierarchial organization in plants and animals includes organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells.
The cell is the smallest unit of all organisms, made up of cellular structures called organelles.
Functions of cellular structures support the health of the organism.
Plant and animal cells share some organelles, while others are unique to each.
All cells have supporting outer layers: cell wall (in plants, fungi, most prokaryotes) and cell membrane (in all cells).
The cell wall provides structure, support, and protection.

Chromosomes are found in the nucleus and are made up of genes that determine traits of an offspring.
Parents pass chromosomes to offspring; genes on those chromosomes determine inherited traits.
A gene is a section of genetic material that codes for specific traits.
Genes are small sections of genetic material within a chromosome.
The function of genes is to provide a set of instructions for growth and functioning of living things.
Each chromosome carries genetic material, known as DNA, passed from one generation to the next.
Genes determine inherited traits such as eye color and height by coding specific instructions.
The nucleus houses genetic material and directs most cellular activities.
Organelles like ribosomes produce proteins necessary for cellular tasks.