spider quiz
Industrial & Agricultural Foundations
Industrial Revolution – The transition from hand production to machine-based factory manufacturing beginning in Britain in the late 1700s.
Agricultural Revolution – 18th-century farming innovations that increased food supply and freed labor for industry.
Textile & Early Industry
Cotton Industry – First major industrialized industry; relied on mechanized spinning and weaving.
Hand-loom weavers – Preindustrial textile workers displaced by mechanized factories.
The cottage system – Preindustrial system where families produced goods at home for merchants.
Key Inventors & Machines
Richard Arkwright – Inventor of the water frame; pioneer of the factory system.
James Hargreaves – Invented the spinning jenny.
Samuel Crompton – Invented the spinning mule combining earlier machines.
James Watt – Improved the steam engine for industrial use.
Henry Cort – Developed processes improving wrought iron production.
Richard Trevithick – Built early high-pressure steam locomotives.
George Stephenson – Developed efficient steam railways.
Energy, Materials & Transport
Coal – Primary fuel of the Industrial Revolution.
Coke – Coal derivative used in iron production.
Pig iron – Crude iron produced in blast furnaces.
Wrought iron – Refined iron stronger and more flexible than pig iron.
Canals – Artificial waterways used to transport heavy goods cheaply.
Economic Structures
Capital – Money invested in machines, factories, and industry.
Joint-stock companies – Businesses owned by shareholders sharing profits and risks.
Tariffs – Taxes on imported goods to protect domestic industries.
Industrial factory – Centralized workplace using machines and wage labor.
Labor & Society
Factory discipline – Strict work rules regulating time, behavior, and productivity.
Preindustrial workers – Artisans and rural laborers before factory labor.
Suburbs – Residential areas outside cities for middle-class families.
Social Problems & Reform
Cholera – Deadly waterborne disease common in industrial cities.
Poor Law Commission – British agency that reformed poor relief through workhouses.
Workhouse – Institution where the poor worked under harsh conditions.
Edwin Chadwick – Social reformer who linked sanitation to public health.
Social Classes & Ideologies
Bourgeoisie – Middle-class industrial and commercial elites.
New elites – Wealthy industrialists replacing aristocrats as economic leaders.
Protest & Reform Movements
Trade unions – Worker organizations seeking better wages and conditions.
Luddites – Workers who destroyed machines in protest of industrialization.
Robert Owen – Utopian socialist and factory reformer.
Chartism – Working-class movement demanding political reforms and suffrage.
Industry Beyond Britain
The American system – Use of interchangeable parts and mass production.
Ireland (Potato) – Dependence on potatoes led to famine and mass emigration.
Culture & Symbolism
The Crystal Palace – Glass structure symbolizing industrial progress at the 1851 Great Exhibition.