exam 1

1. It’s all just Bits: No matter what we see, technology ultimately works by processing bits of information, so everything is just bits.

2. Perfection is normal: Digital files never lose quality and are perfect, making them easy to share and reshaping how we think about ownership.

3. There is Want on the Midst of Plenty: While digital storage keeps growing, anything that isn’t digitized risks being lost, and with all the data online both facts and misinformation are spread freely.

4. Processing is Power: As technology keeps evolving at a rapid pace, making processing more powerful, this means technology bringing in new possibilities.

5. More of the Same Can Be a Whole New Thing:  Exponential growth can go unnoticed until it makes a big noticeable impact, and falling behind, failing to recognize this growth can have major consequences.

6. Nothing Goes Away: So much data is collected and stored every day that privacy is a major concern, once data is out there, it’s nearly impossible to erase.

7. Bits Move Faster Than Thoughts: Instant communication has changed everything, but it also brings challenges like privacy risks, misinformation, and government control.

Understanding the Internet, World Wide Web, and Computing Concepts

1. Differences Between the Internet and the World Wide Web

2. Secure Protocol for Webpage Transmission

• HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)

  • An encrypted version of HTTP using SSL/TLS.

  • Protects data integrity and privacy between users and websites.

3. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

• Ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data between computers.

• Works with IP (Internet Protocol) to manage packet transmission.

• Used in applications like web browsing, email, and file transfers.

4. Difference Between IPv4 and IPv6

5. Impact of Computing

Cloud Computing

• Provides scalable computing power over the Internet (e.g., Google Drive, AWS, Dropbox).

• Reduces the need for physical hardware.

Net Neutrality

• The principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally.

• Prevents ISPs from blocking or slowing certain services for profit.

Digital Divide

• The gap between those with access to technology and those without.

• Affects education, job opportunities, and access to information.

Algorithmic Bias

• When AI or algorithms unintentionally favor certain groups.

• Example: Facial recognition systems that misidentify certain ethnicities more than others.

Crowdsourcing/Funding

• Using the Internet to gather input, ideas, or funds from the public.

• Examples:

  • Crowdsourcing: Wikipedia (knowledge sharing), Waze (traffic data).

  • Crowdfunding: GoFundMe (personal funding), Kickstarter (product launches).

6. Who Maintains Standards Over the Internet and the Web?

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

• Sets web standards (HTML, CSS, accessibility guidelines).

• Founded by Tim Berners-Lee in 1994.

Internet Society (ISOC)

• Works on Internet policies and access.

• Supports organizations like IETF (which develops Internet protocols).

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

• Manages domain names and IP addresses.

• Oversees DNS (Domain Name System), ensuring domain names map correctly to IPs.

DNS (Domain Name System)

• Converts domain names (e.g., google.com) into numerical IP addresses.

• Ensures users can access websites without memorizing complex numbers.

Key Protocols

• HTTP/HTTPS – Web page retrieval.

• TCP/IP – Data transmission.

• DNS – Domain name resolution.

• SMTP/IMAP/POP3 – Email communication.

• FTP – File transfers.

Conclusion

• The Internet and WWW are closely related but distinct.

• IPv6 is the future of addressing as IPv4 becomes exhausted.

• Cloud computing, digital divide, and algorithmic bias have significant effects on society.

• Organizations like W3C, ISOC, and ICANN ensure the Internet and web function smoothly.