AP World History
AP World History Exam Review
1200-1450
Unit 1: The Global Tapestry
East Asia/China: Song Dynasty
(Neo-)Confucianism:
An ancient Chinese belief system, which focuses on the importance of personal ethics and morality
Confucianism relied on a social hierarchy, meaning husband above wife, father above son, ruler above subjects
Oppression of Women:
Foot-binding:
Practice of tying a girl’s feet to make her more desirable to wealthy men for marriage
Women did not have the same rights as men
Filial Piety:
An attitude of respect towards ancestors and elders
Mandate of Heaven:
a Chinese concept that stated a ruler had the right to rule because they were chosen by Heaven
If a natural disaster, rebellion, invasion, etc. occured, it was seen that the ruler had “lost” the Mandate of Heaven, and that someone could overthrow them and reclaim the Mandate, they gained the right to replace the ruler
Bureaucracy:
A centralized system of government that allowed the emperor to effectively govern people through the empire
Bureaucrats carried out the emperor's orders
Meritocracy:
Positions were awarded to those who displayed knowledge and ability to carry out tasks rather than just based off of their connections and wealth
Civil Service Exam:
Chinese men would study to take an exam that would qualify them to become a bureaucratic official under the emperor
Grand Canal:
Longest man-made waterway that played a crucial role in trade for China
Tributary States:
Neighboring states China had authority over
China was far larger and there was the threat that they could take over at any time
Taking over would cause conflict so tributary states had a compromise and maintained their own distinct culture and governments while paying tributes to China
Similar to taxes, but could also be agricultural products
Champa rice:
Drought-resistant, early ripening rice that could be harvested many times a year.
Grew on terraced fields on hilly slopes to maximize agricultural efficiency
Was brought to China through tributary state of Vietnam
Agricultural Advancements:
Manure
Irrigation Systems
Heavy Plows
Led to increased production of food, which meant there were longer lifespans and population growth
New Technologies:
Steel
Compass
Paper
Woodblock printing
Economy:
China was the “Center Kingdom” because they were the main source of many products and had a big influence on trade networks
Porcelain
Textiles
Silk
Tea
Religious Beliefs:
Mix of Confucianism
Daoism
Buddhism was spreading rapidly
Dar-Al-Islam
Previously ruled by the Abbasid Caliphate prior to 1200
It was growing weak and Seljuks took over
The importance of this was that while Arabs were in charge before, now Turks were
Religions/ Culture:
Islam:
Followed the Quran
Believed Muhammad was the last prophet
Two sectors:
Shia Muslims:
Believed that only a blood relative of Muhammed is permitted to rule
Sunni Muslims:
Believed that leaders could be elected
Sufism:
Spiritual/mystical version of Islam
Sufis spread Islam over the trade routes
Judaism:
Followed the Torah
Believed in one god who made a covenant with Abraham
Christianity:
Believed Jesus Christ is the son of God
Followed the Bible
Golden Age:
Various contributions to:
Math
Medicine
Philosophy
Law
Astronomy
The House of Wisdom:
Various historical writing were preserved and rewritten to Arabic along with commentaries
A center of learning with many literary works included in the library
South Asia & Southeast Asia
Empires, Dynasties, and Kingdoms:
South Asia (India)
North India:
Delhi Sultanate (Muslim)
Rajput Kingdom (Hindu)
South India
Chola Dynasty (Hindu)
Vijayanagara Empire (Hindu)
Southeast Asia:
Sea-based
Srivijaya (Hindu)
Majapahit (Buddhist)
Land-based:
Sinhala Dynasty (Buddhist)
Khmer Empire/ Angkor Kingdom (Initially Hindu but later Buddhist)
Religions and Culture:
Buddhism:
Originated in South Asia but later spread across the continent
Core principles were related to path of enlightenment and alleviation of suffering
Types:
Theravada Buddhism:
Mainland Southeast Asia
Mahayana Buddhism:
Island Southeast Asia
Hinduism:
Polytheistic
Originated in South Asia (India)
Believe in reincarnation and karma, fulfilling one’s purpose
Dominant in India
Caste System:
A social hierarchy that one was born into
Believed that if one was honest and righteous, they could be born in a higher caste and take on the path to moksha (eternal liberation)
Bhakti Movement:
Emphasized a personal relationship and devotion primarily to one god
Technological advancements:
Developments in:
Algebra
Geometry
Architecture
Language
Irrigation and drainage systems
Economy:
Trade across Indian Ocean and Silk Roads
Spices
Textiles
Precious Metals
Luxury Goods
The Americas:
Empires:
Maya Empire
Theocracy:
Kings were descendants of god
No central government
Aztec Empire:
Capital called Tenochtitlan
Emperor, Theocracy
Central government
Used tributes for control
They believed that their god required the sacrifice of human blood
Inca Empire:
Highly centralized government with bureaucrats and governor of each province
Mit’a system:
required indigenous communities to provide a certain number of laborers for state projects
Technology and Innovations:
Mayans:
Zero
Writing systems
Calendars
Link of science and religion with astronomy
Aztecs:
Aqueducts for 24/7 water
Architecture like pyramids
Chinampas:
Shallow floating lake beds to grow crops
Inca:
Quipu - system of knotted
strings for numeric records (keeping track of mit’a)
Terrace farming
Carpa Nan:
Road network
Africa:
Notable Kingdoms:
Zimbabwe:
Very important for trade
Ethiopia:
First (and only) Christian country in Africa
Innovations and Economy:
Swahili Language:
Mix of Bantu language and Arabic
Evidence of trade and cooperation
Iron
Architecture:
Defensive walls
Stone architecture
Traded:
Gold
natural resource that made Africa wealthy
Ivory
Salt
Important to society because it preserved food for a longer time
Slaves
Religion/Culture:
Animism:
Spirits within all living and nonliving things
Christianity (Ethiopia)
Islam (spread through trade)
Griottes/Griots:
Oral historians and storytellers
Kinship was important to them
Europe:
Roman empire has fallen already
Byzantine Empire arose with Constantinople as its capital
Political fragmentation
Feudalism:
Land ownership and military service form the basis of hierarchical system
Kings
Lords
Knights
Code of Chivalry:
Emphasis on bravery, honor, and loyalty
Serfs/Serfdom:
Peasants are tied to the land, work on a manor under a lord who protects them
Middle class called bourgeois
3 Estates:
Clergy
Nobility
Commoners
Primogeniture:
First-born son gets majority of parent’s assets
Religion/Culture:
Christianity
Great Schism:
Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church separate
Crusades:
Conflict between Christianity and Islam, open path to Holy Land and trade routes
Environment:
Little Ice Age:
Lower temperatures caused less agriculture, more and disease
Bubonic Plague:
Spread due to increased trade
Economy:
Mostly Agricultural
Marco Polo’s expedition led to trade and expansion
Unit 2: Networks of Exchange:
Trade Routes:
Silk Road:
Transported mostly luxury goods
Silk
Porcelain
Textiles
Tea
Caravans/Caravanserai:
Merchants took caravans with them to sell goods
Caravanserai were roadside inns along the trade route that allowed a place for travelers to stay
Money Economy:
Started to use paper money
Banks where you could deposit or withdraw money
“Flying money”
Indian Ocean:
Transported cargo and some luxury items:
Textiles
Spices
Porcelain
Slaves
Cotton
Carpets
Steel
Tanned leather
Crafted stonework
Silk
Horses
Figs
Dates
Technology:
Understanding of monsoon winds to guide ships in the right direction
Lateen Sail:
Triangular sail to harness winds
Stern Rudder:
Made ships more stable
Magnetic Compass:
Helped directional awareness
Astrolabe:
Used to measure altitude of celestial bodies
Trans-Saharan
Commonly traded:
Gold
Ivory
Slaves
Technology:
Camels
Saddles
Caravans
Trade routes ensured the spread of religion, culture, and disease
The Mongols
Ruler was Genghis Khan
Quickly took control of an extremely large area through brutal attacks
Skilled on horseback
Used cannons to break down city walls
Sometimes catapulted dead bodies over walls to spread diseases
Established an empire
Pax Mongolica
An era of Mongol Peace
Genghis Khans’ grandsons took over
China: Yuan Dynasty
Kubai Khan
Russia: Golden Horde
Batu Khan
Uzbekistan, southern Kazakhstan, & western Tajikistan: Chagatai Khanate
Chagatai Khan
Iraq, Iran, & Syria: IlKhanate
Hulagu Khan
Fall of The Mongol Empire:
Chinese rebels called “The Red Turban” led by Zhu Yuanzhang, his wife, Ma, and Jiao Yu started a revolution
Jiao Yu developed a gunpowder weapon with the accuracy of a bow and arrow (the gun)
Over 12 years, the Chinese drive the Mongols out, starting the Ming Dynasty with Zhu Yuanzhang as the emperor
Hanseatic League:
trade alliance though northern Europe to drive toward nationhood, increase social mobility and flexibility
Economic growth for the middle class
Mali:
Became rich through gold trade
Mansa Musa:
Malian ruler who built the capital of Timbuktu and expended the kingdom beyond Ghana
Songhai:
Sonni Ali:
Songhai ruler that conquered region of west Africa in 15th century - became a major cultural centre until 1600
Notable Travelers and explorations
Ibn Battuta:
Islamic world, India, China
Marco Polo:
China and Europe
Xuanzang:
Chinese Buddhist monk - through Tang Dynasty to India to explore Buddhism
Margery Kempe:
English Christian, through Europe and Holy Land
1450-1750
Unit 3: Land-Based Empires:
Gunpowder Empires:
Ottoman Empire:
Turkey
Took over Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul
Sunni Muslim
Mostly religiously tolerant
Devshirme System:
Christian boys were recruited to join the military and government
Janissaries:
Elite forces in the Ottoman Empire
The Millet System
Enforced limitations on religious & ethnic minorities
Tax farming:
The highest bidder got the right to collect taxes from the people (and also keep some of the money to themselves)
Safavid Empire:
Persia
Shi’a Muslim
This causes conflicts between them and the neighboring empires because they believe they are the right form of Islam while others aren’t
Not religiously tolerant
Mughal Empire:
India
Replaced the Delhi Sultanate after the Battle of Panipat
Sunni Muslim
Syncretism:
The mix of two religions or cultures into one
Sikhism, a mix of Islam and Hinduism arose
Considered “religiously tolerant” under Akbar
Aurangzeb persecuted different religions and ethnic minorities
Zamindars:
Government officials who took care of taxation, construction, and water supply/maintenance
The Protestant Reformation (Europe)
Simony:
The practice of paying for a position in the church
Indulgences:
Paying to have all sins “forgiven”
The Catholic Church used these for funding even though none of these practices were written in the Bible
Martin Luther:
Proposed the 95 Theses and pinned it to the Church’s door
Explained his complaints against the Catholic Church
Heretic:
Christian non-believer/views clash
Catholic Reformation/Counter Reformation
Inquisition:
Rooted out and punished non-believers
Jesuits:
Missionaries spread Catholicism and opposed Protestants
Council of Trent:
Corrected some of the Church’s worst offenses
The Renaissance and Scientific Revolution
Art and literature is thriving
Humanism:
Emphasis on personal achievement and happiness over religious salvation
Science was also starting to become increasingly important
Secular studies:
Focusing on topics not involving religion
Medicine, astronomy, physics, and other modern sciences are studied in secret due to reservations from the Catholic Church
Russia:
Tsar was the leader
Oprichnina:
An army that gives greater power to the leader
Boyars:
Noble land-owning class
Ivan III
Declared Russians free from Mongol rule
Ivan IV
Expanded Russian territories using gunpowder and Cossacks (peasant warriors)
Known as Ivan the Terrible because he killed many who opposed him
Romanovs under Peter the Great
Reforms:
Centralization
Bureaucracy
Taxation
Architecture
East Asia:
China:
Ming Dynasty took over after overthrowing Mongols
Ming Dynasty then was taken over by outsiders from Manchuria
Qing Dynasty:
Emperors extend empire towards Tibet
Bureaucracy becomes corrupt
Japan:
Daimyo:
Land-owners/nobility
Shogun:
Military representing emperor
Samurai:
Warrior class in feudal Japan
Bushido code:
Code of ethics and conduct for Samurai
Tokagawa Ieyasu
Established the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Period of Great Peace
Unit 4: Transoceanic Connections:
Mercantilism:
Economic system where countries aimed to increase national wealth through precious metals like gold and silver
Exported more goods than they imported
Imperialism:
The expansion of a country's power to control other countries politically or economically, often for resources
Causes for Imperialism;
God:
Spreading Christianity
Gold:
Natural resources, especially precious metals
Glory:
Competition for power and prestige
Explorations:
Portugal:
Traveled around the tip of Africa, set up trading ports in cities before continuing to India and Southeast Asia
Prince Henry the Navigator
Bartholemew Diaz
Vasco Da Gama
Caravel (type of boat) and Carracks
Spain:
Traveled to the Americas on accident, went in the opposite direction looking for a shorter path to India
Galleons:
Heavily armed Spanish ships
Christopher Columbus
Ferdinand Magellan
Conquistadores:
Explorers who were granted lands for their discoveries
France:
Traveled to North America in the search of a link to Asia (Northwest Passage)
Claimed a part of Canada for themselves
Jacques Cartier
Samuel de Champlain
They find valuable furs and resources
Holland:
North America for the Northwest Passage
Created New Amsterdam
Henry Hudson
Fluyt (Large boat)
England:
Went to North America for the Northwest Passage and defeats ⅔ of the Spanish Armada
John Cabot
Became one of the most powerful navy’s
China:
Junks:
Big Chinese ships
India, Middle East, and Africa to establish trade networks
Zheng He
The Columbian Exchange:
Trade of foods, animals, cultures, and diseases (and African slaves) over the Eastern and Western Hemispheres
Foods:
Old World to New World:
Sugar
Wheat
Barley
Okra
Rice
Oranges
Grapes
Lettuce
Coffee
New World to Old World:
Potatoes
Maize (corn)
Tobacco
Cacao
Peanuts
Animals:
Old World to New World:
Horses
This was particularly important to the development of the New world
Cattle
Pigs
Oxen
Sheep
Goats
Rats
Chicken
New World to Old World:
Turkey
Llamas
Alpacas
Guinea Pigs
Diseases:
Old World to New World:
Smallpox
Measles
Plague
Influenza
Malaria
The indigenous people were not familiar with any diseases and had never encountered any of these before, therefore did not have immunity and died quickly
New World to Old World:
Syphilis
The Columbian Exchange grew Europe’s economy
New foods being introduced improved nutrition for both
Deforestation and erosion
Diversity was brought to the Americas through slaves from Africa
Creole Languages:
A mix of two languages
Maritime Empires:
Most European countries made attempts to acquire colonial holdings and gain natural resources from newly discovered areas
Japan and China:
Both start to cut off foreign trade
Focusing on their own ideals and religions while avoiding others’ ideas from sinking into their culture
Joint-stock companies:
Limited liability companies where you can only lose as much as you invest
Helped finance the development of colonies in new areas to earn profit
The state also financed some of these
Triangular trade
System where Americas provide Europeans with raw materials
Africa provides Americans with slaves
Europeans supplied both with finished products
Encomienda System:
Spanish force native people to work (coerced labor) because of their race
The landowners were called Encomenderos
Mit’a
Spanish also used this to force men to work
Coerced labor systems:
Chattel Slavery:
Individuals were considered property that could be bought and sold
Indentured servitude:
Servants contracted to work for someone for a certain period of time in exchange for passage (usually 7 years)
Hacienda:
When landowners developed agriculture on their land with the help of coerced labor, they received rewards
Africa
Many men had to go to America as slaves , so there was double the amount of women as men
This led to polygamy, or marriage to more than one woman
The Casta System:
New social hierarchy in the Americas
Challenges to Authority:
Internal
Russia:
Pugachev Rebellion:
Russian serfs who were discontented with Catherine the Great giving more power to nobles over peasants
South Asia (Mughal Empire):
The Hindu warrior group known as the Marathas fought oppressive Muslim Mughals and drove them out, establishing a Hindu Maratha Empire
Britain:
The Glorious Revolution:
People disliked Anti-Protestant James II, so they asked William of Oranges to take over
This gave Parliament more power and began the Protestant rule over England
External:
Ana Nzinga:
She’s tired of slave trade and attacks so she created a rebellion in Ndongo
Americas:
The Pueblo Revolt of 1680:
The Pueblo and Apache indigenous groups began fighting colonizers and religious conversion
Maroon Wars:
Slaves in the Caribbean tried to escape their owners, fought to be free, and created their own settlements
Gloucester County Rebellion:
Slaves and indentured servants tried to fight for freedom
Metacom’s War:
Indigenous people’s final major movement to drive Britain out of New England
Religion:
The Americas:
Native people were often forced to convert to Christianity
Spain and Portugal:
Did not accept Jews, expelled them
These Jews fled to the Ottoman Empire, where they were tolerated
Yet, they had to pay a tax called Jizya, meaning a non-Muslim tax
They were also treated less fairly
1750-1900:
Unit 5: Revolutions:
The Enlightenment:
An intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalism, and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships
Rationalism:
Reason rather than emotion or any external authority is the most reliable source of true knowledge
Empiricism:
True knowledge is gained through the senses mainly through rigorous experimentation
The Scientific Revolution led to the Enlightenment
Since religion was a big part of Christian society, the Enlightenment proposed new secular ideas relating to natural human rights
Deism:
While God exists, he created all beings and left the universe to run itself
Popular among Enlightenment thinkers
Atheism:
The complete rejection of religious belief and any notion of divine beings
Individualism:
The most basic element of society was the individual human and not the collective groups
Abolitionism:
Movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people
Capitalism:
Economic system in which means of production are privately owned and operated for profit
Conservatism:
Belief in traditional institutes, favors practical experience not theories
Feminism:
Movement for women's rights and equality
Liberalism:
Belief in natural rights constitutional government and laissez-faire (leave alone/ free) economics
Nationalism:
Feeling of intense loyalty to others who share language or culture; idea those who share a culture should have their own independent nation
Socialism:
Economic and political system where means of production are either owned by the public or by the workers
Natural rights:
Individual humans are born with certain rights that cannot be infringed upon by governments or any other entity
Social contract:
Human societies, endowed with natural rights, must construct governments of their own will to protect their natural rights
Enlightenment thinkers:
John Locke:
People have natural rights to life, liberty, and property
Thomas Hobbes:
People give up some rights for a strong government through the social contract
Baron Montesquieu:
Ideas of checks and balances through the separation of branches of government
Voltaire:
Ideas centered on religious liberty
Jean-Jacques Rousseau:
People have a collective “General will” and the government is obligated to follow it, social contract. If the government breaks the contract the people have the right to overthrow it
Adam Smith:
The government should leave alone the economy, laissez-faire
Thomas Paine:
Wrote The Common Sense advocating for Liberty from Britain
Mary Wollstonecraft:
Argued female should receive the same education as males
Enlightenment ideas became the basis for many revolutions around the world including the French Revolution, the American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American Revolution
Major Revolutions:
The American Revolution:
Was caused by taxes from Britain and the reduction of certain freedoms in the colonies
The French Revolution:
After fighting in the American InRevolution, the extravagance of French nobility, especially the King and the Queen, led to a revolution
This later led to the Napoleonic Wars because other European countries were afraid of revolutionary ideas spreading and thus sought to restore the monarchy in France
Napoleon Bonaparte made various attempts to expand the French empire
The Haitian Revolution:
Enslaved Haitians overthrew French
The Latin-American Revolution:
Creole leaders like Simon Bolivar worked to win independence
The Propaganda Movement:
The Philippines, which was a Spanish colony, had limited opportunities for education, so Filipino students traveled to different places and learned Enlightenment ideas, which led to the Filipino Revolution
The Industrial Revolution:
A dramatic change in society where new ideas and technologies started to rise and flourish
Industrialization:
The increase mechanization of production
Influenced the Columbian Exchange and the rise of Maritime Empires
Expanded production and consumption of goods
Eli Whitney:
Inventor who created interchangeable parts
if a component of a machine breaks, it can be fixed or replaced rather than just making a new machine
Division of labor:
Factory owners could have workers that only focused on one part rather than having skilled laborers
The Enclosure Movement:
The government fenced off commons to give exclusive use to those who paid for the land
This led to farmers who lost land and money
The Agricultural Revolution:
Resulted in increased agricultural productivity through new technologies
New inventions:
Seed drill:
A device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground
The Spinning jenny
Invented by James Hargreaves
Allowed a weaver to spend more than one thread at a time
Increased production of textiles
The Water Frame
Invented by Richard Arkwright
Used water power to drive the spinning wheel which was more efficient than manual labor
This meant factories had to be in the proximity of water
The Factory system
Bulky machines were moved to large factories to mass produce goods
Railroads:
Trains could easily carry cargo to trade with other countries, as well as to transport raw materials and finished goods
Rapid Urbanization
The Industrial Revolution led to many people migrating from rural areas to urban areas
Cities had many factories for workers to earn higher wages than agricultural jobs provided
Tenements:
Buildings that held many families in small, confined spaces
Children as young as 5 years old also worked in factories to provide for their families
Women of low-income families also worked in factories, while middle and upper-class women did not need to work and took care of their families
The Steam Engine:
An invention that substantially changed factory systems
Before, factories needed to be close to water because that’s how they got their power
However, after the steam engine was created, power could be generated from steam or coal
It turned fossil fuels into mechanical energy
Led to more factories being built everywhere, increasing production of goods
Steam engines were also added to boats
This made transport of goods quicker and more efficient
Factors of Industrialization;
Proximity to Waterways
Coal and Iron
Access to foreign resources
Increased agricultural productivity
Urbanization
Protection of private property
Accumulation of capital (money)
Countries in the Middle East and East Asia (particularly China) begun to see a decline in domestic production
While they used to be manufacturing powerhouses in prior time periods, they could not keep up with the growth of Industrialization
Transnational Corporations:
Similar to joint-stock companies
Gained influence in areas where they can get cheap labor or raw resources
China, Ottoman Empire, and Japan
China:
Massive population growth 1700 to 1800s:
Growing pressure on land
Poverty
Unemployment
Starvation and misery
They couldn't keep up with:
Tax collection
Social welfare
Flood control
Public security
Faced humiliations
The Opium Wars:
Chinese luxury goods such as porcelain silk and tea were in great demand and Great Britain
However, the Chinese were not interested in British goods which led to low silver reserves in Britain
So, the British East India Company began to force Indian farmers to grow opium, a highly addictive drug that relieves pain and reduces stress
They illegally smuggled this and sold it to Chinese people for silver, where millions became very addicted to it
This led to the first Opium War, where the Chinese government seized the British opium warehoused in the port of Canton, which was the only port where they allowed trade with foreigners
British warships destroyed the Chinese blockade and after many more battles, captured Nanking
this resulted in the unequal Treaty of Nanking, which required China to open up four additional ports to foreigners, cede the island of Hong Kong to Britain, and pay damages.
It also forced the Chinese to allow free trade, which the British took to include trade in opium
The Spheres of Influence
China was surrounded with colonies of Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan, all who pressured them into various things;
Unequal treaties
Economic domination
Political weakening
Resource exploitation
Internal instability
Territorial claims
Humiliation
They were too weak to industrialize
Taiping Rebellion
Goals:
Abolition of private property
Radical redistribution of land
Equality for men and women
Expulsion of Qing Dynasty foreigners
Ultimately, these goals failed
Chinese Reform:
The Self-Strengthening movement
China felt the pressure to modernize in the late 19th century
Developed a way for the government to confront their internal and external problems
Advanced China's military technology
Trained Chinese Artisans to manufacture items for shipyards and arsenals
Set up their own diplomatic corps and customs service
Civil service reform
China became a republic
The Ottoman Empire:
Were known as the “Sick man of Europe”
They were declining in a time of innovation and technology in European countries while bordering them
Ottoman Reforms (Tanzimat Reforms):
Faced palace coups, declining trade, and weak leadership as a result of failure to modernize
Ali forced peasants to give up their lands
use this to increase cotton production and gain large profits
He also pushed industrialization
Textile factories to compete with the French and British
Armament factories in Cairo
Ship building facilities in Alexandria
Ottomans were no longer at the peak of their power
Sultan Mahmad II reformed them
Abolished janissaries
Developed a new artillery unit
Tax collections went directly to the central government
Built roads and set up postal system
Reorganization
Rooted out corruption
Secular schools
Fixed legal system
Paid in cash rather than goods (changed economic situation)
Rights for women
Japan:
After the arrival of Matthew Perry, and American who demanded Japan enter a trade relationship with the United States, Japan realized their culture would be in danger if they didn’t do anything
State-initiated industrialization:
The government takes steps to industrialize
For Japan, this was a way to preserve culture while pushing modernization
The Meiji Restoration:
Japan overthrew the shogun and restored power to the emperor
Ended a traditional system of exercising authority
Samurai position was dissolved
Bushido was personal and no longer condoned by the government
There was rapid modernization in Japan
New schools
Improved literacy rates
Economy rapidly industrialized
Traits of democracy
Free press
Strong labor unions
Respect for individual liberties
Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization
Second wave of Imperialism:
Establishing overseas empires and maintaining control over other nations/regions, sometimes with military force
1st wave major countries
Spain & Portugal (later British, French, Dutch)
Power greatly diminished by 19th century
No dominant role in second wave
2nd wave major countries
British, France, Germany, Netherlands
Motives for European Imperialism
Strong sense of identity and loyalty
Racial motives
Pseudoscientists
Presented theories that white people had social superiority
One such study claimed that white people had larger skulls than others, proving intellectual superiority
Phrenologists
Believed smaller skull size proved mental feebleness of other races
Charles Darwin
Natural selection where strongest survived, weak were weeded out
Not a Social Darwinist
Social Darwinism
Used natural selection theory to support biological superiority of whites
Justify imperialism & power of Europeans
Cultural motives
Impose aspects onto their colonies
Introduce new language
Political, educational, religious institutions
Architecture/recreational activities
Religious motives
Missionaries
British Protestant participated in colonization
Persuaded to give up traditional beliefs
Adopt Christianity
Set up schools for instruction
Secular subjects
Prepare students to become teachers, lawyers, professionals
Improved medicine
David Livingstone
Worked in sub-Saharan Africa to end slave trade
Economic motives
Companies chartered by British, French, Dutch governments
Signed commercial treaties with local rules in India, East Africa, East Indies
British after losing American colonies
Look for new lands to open settlements
1788 New South Wales off of New Holland (Australia)
Expand into South Asia
Take control of India from East India company
1857 controlled entire subcontinent
Southeast Asia nations
Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
Burma (Myanmar)
Malay states
Parts of Borneo
France after defeat in Franco-Prussian war, expand overseas
Algeria in North Africa
New Caledonia/Pacific Islands
Senegal in Western Africa
Indochina SE Asia
Italy/Germany
Newly unified states in late-19th century
Wanted colonies for economic, strategic reasons & prestige
Started acquiring empires in mid-1880s
Japan:
Incursions into Korea
Irritated China, led to Sino-Japanese war
Japan won due to industrialization
Seized Korea, Taiwan/Formosa
1900-2001
Unit 7: Global Conflict:
World War I (1914-1918)
M.A.I.N causes:
Militarism:
States built up strong militaries and employed them aggressively to protect their own interests
Productivity of industrial manufacturing led to weapons being made faster and far more deadly than ever before
Germany especially had one of the most powerful military forces in Europe
Alliances:
The Triple Alliance:
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
The Triple Entente:
Britain
France
Russia
All these saw Germany as a rival
France was bitter about their loss in the Franco-Prussian War and having to give up Alsace-Lorraine, a major industrial region
Britain and France competed with Germany for colonies in Africa
These were meant to improve national security on both sides and to isolate rival states
Both sides also made a military mobilization plan for railroads with extremely precise time tables, meaning that once one mobilized, it would be difficult to stop
Imperialism:
One of the most important causes of imperialism was to project power around the globe
European powers started to have conflicts over existing colonial holdings
Nationalism:
Countries sang praise of their own glory and power while defining others as enemies or rivals
These ideas were strengthened through schools, media, military services
This convinced them that their national identities were under a threat
The Start of WWI
The assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
Serbian national Gavrilo Princip shot the Archduke over a regional dispute
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
Austria-Hungary’s ally, Germany stepped in to join them
Serbia’s ally, Russia joined them
The rest of the allies from both sides also eventually joined the war
Defining Characteristics of World War I:
Technology:
Total War:
A war that exhausts all of a country's resources and manpower
Global War:
A large-scale war that involves many international entities
Trench warfare:
Built deep trenches covered in barbed wire and machine guns
Once someone came out, they would be shot down by the machine guns
This made the war particularly deadly because it cause massive amounts of death and prolonged the time that troops spent in trenches
Stalemate:
Neither side advances or gains more territory
Poison Gas:
Chlorine
Phosgene
Mustard gas
Machine guns
Submarines
U-boats were German subs
Airplanes
Tanks
Barbed wire
These technological advancement made WWI the most deadly so far
The U.S. Involvement:
The United States was avoiding directly joining the war due to isolationism and public divide over the topic of war
President Woodrow Wilson’s campaign included the U.S.’s neutrality in the war
In 1917, the U.S. joined
Germany sunk Lusitania, a British boat with over 100 U.S. passengers
The Zimmerman Note:
Germany’s secret telegraph to Mexico proposing that Mexico poses war on the U.S. to give back Mexican territory
The End of WWI
The Treaty of Versailles
Signed in 1919 to end the war for good
The Guilt Clause:
Germany takes all the blame
Germany had to give up all their colonial holdings
Germany was forced to pay billions of dollars in reparations for damages caused by the war
Germany had to restrict its military and navy
Wilson’s 14 point plan
Self-determination:
Freedom of colonies to make one’s own decisions and redraw their borders
No more secret alliances
International waters
Can’t shoot boats in these areas
Reduced military weaponry
League of Nations:
An international association to maintain peace
The Russian Revolution
Socialists were unhappy with the Tsar and forced his resignation
For example, in 1905, Russian authorities fired at peaceful protesters, (Blood Sunday) which led to further discontent
Vladmir Lenin from the Bolshevik Party, who took control
Lenin’s New Economic Plan (NEP)
Introduced private trade and some limited economic freedoms
After Lenin’s death, Joseph Stalin came to power
Stalin’s Five Year Plans:
They aimed to turn the Soviet Union into an industrial power
Collectivization of agriculture
Took over private farms for state-owned enterprises
A massive failure that led to the death of millions of peasants in the famine in Ukraine
Italy:
Benito Mussolini:
Facism:
Glorified militarism
Brute force
Intense hypernationalism
Corporatism
Sectors of the economy are separate organs of the same body and must support the whole
Totalitarianism:
Government controls all aspects of society
The Interwar Period:
Due to Germany’s major debts after the war, they had to print more paper money
This led to extreme inflation
The Great Depression:
A global economic crisis caused by the effects of WWI
The New Deal
Brought in by President Franklin D. Roosevelt
The government enacted deficit spending (spending more than it had) to create new jobs, stimulate the economy, cut taxes, and increase consumer spending
Brought relief, recovery, and reform to the economy and workers
The Great Depression ends when the U.S. entered WWII
World War II
Main Causes:
Treaty of Versailles
Germany was extremely humiliated after the war, economically as well as socially
Italy and some others felt the Treaty of Versailles was not fair to them
The Great Depression
The Beginning of World War II:
Asia and the Pacific
Early 1900s:
Japan is becoming militaristic and imperialistic
Already occupied Korea as of 1910
1931:
invades Manchuria and installs a puppet state of Manchukuo
A civil war is going on in China between nationalists and communists (Kuomintang is nationalist)
Japan takes advantage of China’s civil war to take over
This is in direct violation of the League of Nations, which Japan promptly exits
1937:
The second Sino-Japanese war
Europe:
Through the 1930s:
Nazi party:
National Socialist German Workers Party
Particularly marginalized Jews, blaming them for Germany's loss in World War I
Adolf Hitler was The extremist dictator of Germany
Nazis party was becoming more militaristic
Allied with Italy’s Mussolini
1938:
Nazis take over Anschluss, Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia, and Austria
Blitzkrieg:
“Lightning War”
A military tactic that uses rapid, overwhelming attacks to create psychological shock and disorientation in the enemy
Appeasement:
Britain and France conceded to Hitler’s land demands to avoid starting war
They were already economically weakened after WWI and entering another war would take a toll on their assets
1939:
They take over all of Czechoslovakia in March
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact:
Mutual non-aggression between Soviets and Nazis
Nazis build spheres of influence around the Soviets
1939, September 1st:
Germany invades Poland officially starting World War II
Great Britain and France declare war on Germany
Axis gains momentum in World War II:
After Germany invades Poland and Great Britain and France declare war on Germany, the Soviet Union, under Stalin's leadership, also takes over part of Poland
1940:
April:
Germany invades Denmark and Norway
May:
Low countries
June:
Italy declares war and joins Axis powers
France falls to Germany
July:
Germany bombs Great Britain
September:
Japan signs tripartite Pact
Japan attacks French Indochina
November:
Hungary and Romania joined the Axis powers
So far, the only thing the Allies have been able to do is drive Italians back to Libya
Spring, 1941:
Bulgaria joins Axis powers
North Africa:
Italians get reinforcements and are able to push the British back to the Egyptian border
The Balkans
In 1939, Italy had occupied Albania
Later, it was used to try to invade Greece, but was pushed back
Axis take over Yugoslavia and Greece in Spring of 1939
1941:
June:
Hitler decides to attack the Soviet Union
July:
United States freezes Japanese assets
includes an oil embargo at the time when Japan is fighting a war that will replenish their resources which are already limited
December:
Japan attacks:
Pearl Harbor (United States Pacific Fleet)
Malaya (British possession)
Singapore
Guam (U.S. military base)
Wake Island
Philippines (US possession)
Hong Kong (British possession)
By the end of 1941, Japan went for Dutch East Indies and Burma / German territory
The U.S. joins the war on the Allies’ side
The Tide turning in World War II:
After the U.S. joined, they had victories at:
Doolittle Raid
Battle of Coral Sea
Guadalcanal
Europe:
1942
August
The Germans reach Stalingrad
They are defeated
October
British defeat axis and push them back near the Suez Canal
Allied Forces arrive in Morocco and Algeria
1943
The Soviets begin to advance and retake grounds from the Axis powers
Allies continue pushing the Axis out of North Africa
This is a launching point to attack the mainland of Italy
After travelling up the Italian peninsula, Allies depose Mussolini
Italy formally surrenders, Allied troops continue to rid them of Axis troops
America is able to start bombing Germany itself
The Battle of Kursk:
One of the last battles where Axis goes on the offensive
They are defeated by Soviets and are pushed back
Allies make further progress
Europe:
1944:
January:
Soviets end the siege of Leningrad
Soviets also force Axis surrender in Crimea
June:
Rome is liberated
D-day
The invasion of Normandy, allowing Allies to make progress from Northern France towards Germany
August:
Polish uprising taking on German occupiers
Paris is liberated
October:
Athens is liberated
December:
Battle of the Bulge:
Extremely bloody, with many American casualties
The Pacific:
1944:
The U.S. acquires several Pacific Islands
June:
Battle of Philippine Sea:
U.S. victory
October:
The Battle of Leyte:
Considered important because Japan can no longer realistically defend the Philippines
The Japanese navy is pretty much destroyed
The United States is within range for bombing attacks on mainland Japan
End of World War II
Europe:
1945:
January:
Allies able to invade Germany
Soviets are able to take Warsaw, continue towards Berlin
February;
Allies meet in Yelta to discuss next steps after the war
April:
Allies occupy parts of Germany
Push Axis out of Italy
Mussolini gets captured and executed
Soviets have taken Berlin
Hitler commits suicide
May:
Victory in Europe
Pacific:
1945:
January:
Allies take Island of Luzon
February-March:
Invasion of Iwo Jima
April-June:
Allied invasion of Okinawa
August:
U.S. drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The Soviet Union invades Manchuria
Japanese surrender
September:
Victory in Japan
Mass Atrocities:
Armenian Genocide:
Turkish government kills many Armenians because they suspected they were helping the Ottoman Empire’s Soviet enemy in WWII
Japan:
Invaded China and killed Many people through Manchuria/Nanking
known as the “Rape of Nanking”
Millions died in labor camps
Chinese and Korean women became “comfort women”
The Holocaust:
The mass killing of Jews through concentration camps
Other minority groups that were not “pure Germans” of the “Aryan race” were also killed
Bosnia and Rwanda:
Rwanda:
gained independence from Belgian colonizers
The assassination of the president causes problems between the Hutu and Tutsi people of Rwanda
Bosnia:
Ethnic conflict, “ethnic purity”
Yugoslavia, Slovenia, Croatia, and Montenegro were involved
Cambodia:
Dictator Pol Pot
Wanted to “purify” Cambodian Society
Ukraine:
Millions died in the famine caused by Stalin due to the collectivization of agriculture
Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization
The Cold War:
Military conflict that does not involve direct military confrontation between the two rival states
After WWII, the United States and Russia emerged as global superpowers
The U.S. was not as economically devastated as other European countries, who faced a majority of the damages and had been involved in the war since the beginning
Germany was split into 4 sections between the Allies
Stalin refused to leave Eastern Europe
The Iron Curtain:
The split between Western and Eastern Europe
Western was democracy and capitalism
Eastern was communism and authoritarianism
NATO:
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Did not want to see communism spread in the fear that it would reach them
Truman Doctrine:
Promise that the U.S. would stop communism through economic and military support
The Marshall Plan:
offered 12 billion to all nations of Europe to modernize industry, support trade, rebuild infrastructure
The Warsaw Pact:
USSR and communist bloc
Combined armed forces to keep spreading communism
Non-aligned Movement:
Countries who wanted to stay out of the Cold War
How it was fought:
Arms race:
Producing nuclear weapons
Space Race
Alliances
Proxy Wars:
Major powers bring conflict in other nations but don’t fight each other directly
The Korean War:
North Korea
Supported by USSR
South Korea
Supported by U.S.
The Vietnam War:
North Vietnam
Supported by USSR
South Vietnam
Supported by U.S.
The Berlin Wall:
The USSR builds a war to stop citizens of East Germany from migrating to West Germany
The Fall of the Berlin Wall will come to symbolize the end of the Cold War
The Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis:
Cuba became communist under Fidel Castro, The U.S. was threatened by this
They train Cuban exiles to infiltrate Cuba and assassinate Castro
It fails and Cuba becomes closer with the USSR
The U.S. had shipped missile to Turkey, which is extremely close to the USSR
The USSR shipped missiles to Cuba
Kennedy orders a blockade of Cuba
For 13 days, both are on edge until they finally decide to both remove their nuclear weapons
Detente:
A period of relaxed relationships between the Soviets and the U.S.
More conflict comes after the Soviet-Afghan War and new leader, the accumulation of more nuclear weapons
Finally, Reagan and Gorbachev negotiate a more peaceful relationship and the USSR dismantled, ending the Cold War
Decolonization:
Non-Violent Resistance to Colonization:
Civil Disobedience
Peaceful Protest
Boycotts
Seen with:
Mahatma Gandhi
India
Nelson Mandela
Apartheid (South Africa)
Martin Luther King Jr.
Civil Rights Movement (U.S)
Violent Resistance to Colonization:
Armed Conflict
Guerilla Warfare
Terrorism
Seen with:
Irish Republican Army
Northern Ireland
Basque Homeland and Freedom
Spain
Shining Path
Peru
al-Qaeda
Middle East
Boko Haram
Africa
Islamic State of Iraq/Levant (ISIS or ISIL)
Taliban
Middle East
Effects of Colonization:
India/Pakistan
The Partition:
India is broken into two parts, one for Hindus (India), and one for Muslims (Pakistan)
Mass migration and violence occurs during this split
Tensions:
Pakistan believed Kashmir was a part of their country because it was dominated by Muslims even though it was part of Indian territory and ruled by a Hindu
Israel is created:
After the Holocaust, Palestine is split into two sections
The Arab section (Muslims)
Israel (Jewish)
Wars break out due to tensions between these two
The U.S. supports Israel
Communism in China:
Chinese civil war had been going on before WWII, but they set their difference aside when Japan became a common enemy
They continued afterward, Mao Zedong and the communist party won
The Great Leap Forward:
Land is reorganized into government controlled agricultural communities (communes)
Led to extreme starvation and resistance by peasants
Cultural Revolution;
Massive campaign to bring popularity back to communism
Anyone with ties to the west or anti-communist sentiment were sent to labor camps
Red Guards:
Responsible for identifying those not conforming
Unit 9: Globalization:
Technological Advancements:
Communication:
T.V.
Radio
Cellphones
Social Media
Internet
Transportation:
Airplanes
Cargo planes
Tankers
Shipping containers
All these reduce geographical distance and make it easier to get something from one place to another, whether its ideas or goods
Agriculture:
The Green Revolution:
New methods including cross-breeding, fertilizers, and irrigation systems to improve agricultural yield.
Commercial farming:
Farming for profit
Subsistence farming:
Farming to support one’s family
Limitations of the Green Revolution:
Fewer agricultural jobs due to work being mechanized
Big farming groups take over small farmers
Environmental damage:
Soil erosion
Deforestation
Desertification
Air and water pollution
Increased consumption of natural resources
Energy:
Fossil fuels like petroleum and natural gas
Nuclear energy
Renewable resources:
Hydroelectric power (water)
Solar power (sun)
Medicine:
Antibiotics:
Penicillin
Birth Control:
Allowed women more options and the ability to make choices regarding their career
Vaccines:
Polio
Smallpox
Measles
Etc.
Low-income diseases:
Malaria
Tuberculosis
Cholera
Polio
People often contract these due to a lack of access to hygienic conditions and healthcare
Diseases impacting longevity:
Heart disease
Alzheimer’s disease
Mainly started becoming prevalent when people started to live longer lives
The Environment:
Deforestation:
Loss of trees due to cutting down land for agriculture
Desertification:
Overuse of agriculture and removal of natural vegetation in arid lands
Air and water pollution:
Decline in quality of air due to pollution
Increased consumption:
Water and resources
Population growth:
Leads to more strain on our resources to try and feed everyone, meaning more agricultural crops
More urbanization, leading to more waste and pollution
More energy being used to mass produce goods increases pollution and decreases natural resources
The Economy:
Economic liberation:
Free trade without much government intervention
Knowledge economies:
focus on information, creation, spread of knowledge to increase economic success
Emphasize higher education
Ex:
Japan
Finland
The U.S.
Movement of Manufacturing:
Manufacturing jobs with unskilled labor have been moved to different regions where companies can pay workers less
Ex:
Vietnam
Bangladesh
Multinational corporations:
A company legally incorporated in one country but makes or sells products in other countries as well
World Trade Organization:
WTO
Made up of organizations from all around the world that follow rules to stay ethical
North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union:
Were created to unite global currency/trade further
Reform Movements:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
Basic rights and fundamental freedoms for all human beings (UN)
Human Rights Initiatives:
The UN focuses on protecting people of all backgrounds
Ex:
UNICEF:
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
International Court of Justice:
Judicial body set up to negotiate disputes over international law; also deals with border disputes and treaty violations
UNHCR and NGOs:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and non-governmental organizations work to protect refugees and give help in the form of food, medicine, and shelter
Global Feminism:
Focuses on outlining rights and providing equal opportunities
Ex:
1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women:
Right to vote, hold office, choose spouse, education, family planning
Cultural/Religious Movements:
Securing rights for those of various religions and groups
Ex:
Negritude and its focus on “blackness” and self-determination
Global Changes:
Political:
People were moving farther away from competition through imperialism, moving towards cooperation through international organizations
Social:
People are far more connected and able to communicate over farther distances
Economic:
Products are easily developed, manufactured, and distributed around the globe
Global Brands:
Companies becoming multinational
Online Commerce:
Online buying and selling markets make trade easier than ever before
Culture:
Popular culture:
Culture of ordinary people that spread through media and internet
Music
Art
Filmmaking
Resistance to Globalization:
Economic reasons:
Poor labor conditions:
Ex:
Child labor
Sweatshops
Harm to small businesses
Push for:
Fair trade
Sustainable development
Debt relief
Environmental reasons:
Damage to the environment:
Ex:
Deforestation
Climate change
Distrust:
Threat to the nation
Concern for sovereignty
Unreliability of information