SR

exam 2

Chapter 4: Development of Brain

  • Neural tube formation: Early stage of CNS development.

  • Stages of Cellular Processes for Brain Development: Understand the sequence and importance of each:

    • Neurogenesis

    • Cell Migration

    • Cell Differentiation

    • Synaptogenesis

    • Cell Death (Apoptosis)

    • Synapse Rearrangement

  • Overabundance of Synapses and Disabilities: Implication of excessive synapse formation.

  • Visual Deprivation During Sensitive Periods: How sensory input shapes brain development.

  • Amblyopia: Lazy eye, a result of visual deprivation.

  • Binocular Deprivation: Impacts on depth perception and visual processing.

  • Monocular Deprivation: Impacts on depth perception and visual processing.

  • Hebbian Synapses: "Cells that fire together, wire together."

  • Alzheimer's Disease: Neurodegenerative disorder.

  • Brain of Alzheimer's Disease Patients: Characteristics of the brain including plaques and tangles.

Chapter 5: Sensorimotor Systems

  • General Concept of Sensory Transduction: Conversion of sensory stimuli into electrical signals.

  • General Concept of "Labeled Lines": Specific pathways for different sensory information.

  • General Concept of Receptive Fields: Area where a stimulus can alter a neuron's firing rate.

  • Somatosensory Transduction: Mechanisms by which touch, pressure, temperature, and pain are converted into neural signals.

  • Subcutaneous Sensory Receptors: Types and functions.

  • Somatosensory Pathways: Body to Brain: Understand the major ascending pathways.

  • Perceptual Dimensions of Pain (McGill): Sensory, affective, and evaluative aspects of pain.

  • Nociceptors: Receptors that detect pain.

  • Pain Neural Pathways: Ascending pathways that carry pain signals to the brain.

  • Brain Modulation of Pain: Descending pathways that can inhibit or enhance pain signals.

  • Methods to Control Pain: Pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.

  • Reflexes, Motor Planning and Sensory Feedback: Integration of sensory information for motor control.

  • Motor Neural Pathways: Brain to Body: Descending pathways that control movement.

  • Sensory Feedback Neural Pathways: How sensory information is used to adjust movements.

  • Regulation of Behavior via Cortical, Subcortical and Cerebellar Brain Regions: Roles of these regions in motor control.

Chapter 6: Hearing, Balance, Taste, and Smell

  • Auditory Qualities: Pitch, loudness, timbre.

  • Sensory Organs of Audition: Key structures involved in hearing.

  • Different Parts of the Ear (Anatomy): Outer, middle, and inner ear.

  • Auditory Sensory Transduction: Conversion of sound waves into neural signals.

  • Function of Organ of Corti: Location of hair cells.

  • Hearing and Sound Frequency: Relationship between frequency and pitch.

  • Auditory Neural Pathways: Ascending pathways from the ear to the auditory cortex.

  • Pitch and Frequency: Correlation between them.

  • Encoding Frequency: How frequency is represented in the auditory system.

  • Sound Localization: How the brain determines the location of a sound source.

  • Function of Auditory Cortex: Processing of sound information.

  • Vestibular System and Balance: Inner ear structures responsible for balance.

  • Vestibular System Anatomy: Semicircular canals and otolith organs.

  • Transduction of Acceleration and Head Position: How the vestibular system detects movement.

  • Vestibular Neural Pathway: Pathway from the vestibular system to the brain.

  • Vestibular Dysfunction: Causes of dizziness and balance problems.

  • Anatomy of Gustation (Taste): Structures involved in taste perception.

  • Papillae, Taste Buds, Taste Receptors: Types of taste receptors and their location.

  • Taste Transduction: Conversion of taste stimuli into neural signals.

  • Anatomy of Olfaction: Structures involved in smell perception.

  • Olfactory Receptors: Types of receptors that detect odors.

  • Olfactory Transduction: Conversion of odor molecules into neural signals.

  • Olfactory Neural Pathways: Pathways from the olfactory epithelium to the brain.

  • Pheromone System: Chemical communication between individuals of the same species.