London is located to the south-east of England around where several clusters of large cities are.

London is important as its the UK’s largest metropolis (largest city) and is the economic, transportation and cultural centre.

London is also important globally as it houses the top universities, is the first city to have underground railways and 40% of the world’s equities are traded there.

Some impacts of migration on London are that mainly the non-white population is found in clusters of London, most of them being in the east outer areas of London.

Pros of non-white population = They contribute to the local and national economy, Young migrants balance the aging population, they enrich the cultural life and finally are a hard-working, motivated workforce.

Cons of non-white population = Pressures on housing and employment as well as difficulty integrating into local community.

Opportunities (transport)= Developed integrated transport system allowing easy access to all different areas of London. (Integrated means to have all different forms of transport linked to one another), Heathrow and Gatwick being hubs for transport.

Opportunities (urban greening)= use canals, rivers jetties to use as water bird breeding roosts; create rooftop green spaces; have a huge range of green space for the public; 38% of London is green space.

Opportunities (cultural mix)= multiculturalism- a country or place that has more than one culture living together in proximity; London is one of the most diverse places not just in Britain but on Earth; culture enriches large areas of London.

Opportunities (employment)= London is one of the largest contributors to economy among the English regions; London was responsible for 46% of the total UK GVA from the financial and insurance activities sector.

Opportunities (entertainment)= Huge numbers of cultural attractions; many shows to be seen; many bars.

Opportunities (social)= Better mix of cultures (in London) ; larger chance of employment.

Opportunities (economic)= More opportunities to earn money of tourist attractions.

Challenges (knife crime)= Knife crime is extremely high in London, the city with the highest knife crime rate being being Enfield, the city with the most improvement being Newham and the one with the biggest increase in this crime being Southwark.

Challenges (overpopulation)= Over the past few years London’s population has increased, and due to this constant opportunities for urban change have opened but as well as this housing prices have dramatically increased and the development of London has grown into the G-belt.

Challenges (pollution)= Air pollution in London is really bad, the main contributor being nitrogen dioxide which cannot be seen. The air pollution is so bad that it can lead to asthma and other breathing problems. Another contributor to the air pollution is diesel cars.

Rural urban fringe- the area between the urban and rural area.

Brownfield sites are sites which have previously been developed but were now not in current use.

Pros of Brownfield sites- Sites available due to decline in industry, new development can improve the area, reduces the need for urban sprawl, public transport is better in urban are\s, so there is less need for cars.

Cons of Brownfield sites- Old buildings may need to be demolished first to make way for development and so this might cause harmful gases and dust, land is more expensive in urban areas.

Greenfield sites are sites that haven’t been built on before (still green).

Pros of Greenfield sites- Land is cheaper in rural areas, no demolition or contamination is needed.

Cons of Greenfield sites- Public transport is worse in rural areas so there is a need for cars, increases urban sprawl, valuable farmland or land for recreation may be lost, natural habitats may be destroyed, once land is built on it is unlikely to be turned back.

Derelict- something that’s run down.

Green Belt- The area around London which has been protected for environmental purposes.

Urban sprawl- The growth of an urban area.

Social deprivation is the degree to which a person or community lacks the things that are essential for a decent life including work, money, housing and services.

Examples of social deprivation could be shown by the example of the difference between Newham and Kensington. The GCSE scores in Kensington are much better than those in Newham as the people in Newham strive to find part-time jobs to earn money for their families.

The Crossrail was made to make a direct line straight to Heathrow.

Pros of the Crossrail- Extra 1.5 miles driven within 45 miles with the new line, more raise in property value, increase of passengers by 10%, improved access for disabled people, reduced journey times.

Cons of Crossrail- Not In My BackYard occurs (nimbysm) occurs due to the line being built, whole project costed around £15 billion, cut down a lot of trees to make way for it, many tube stations need refurbishment still, extra 200 million journeys a year.

Benefits of the Crossrail- Reduced journey times, increase the number of passengers, estimated £42 billion benefit to wider UK economy, 55,000 full time jobs generated directly from building the train line, improved access for the disabled and improved integrated transport system.

The Olympic park is located to the north of the River Thames and is located in the north-west of Newham.

The Olympic park was built in London as London is the centre of business and economy, and has also had the highest urban development → Integrated transport system.

The East Village was sustainable in some forms as unemployment decreased meaning that the people in Newham could keep stable jobs, meaning as well as that they would increase the average income per a household. A reason why East Village wasn’t sustainable was because it produced 2.2 tons of CO2 whilst being built, which would have only increased the air pollution which was already extremely in London.

Positives of the Olympic Park regeneration (social)- New school made for 1,800 students, Most diverse borough in London.

Positives of the Olympic Park regeneration (economic)- Westfield is a global attraction, meaning that people would still want to visit the area, Olympic villages where athletes stayed turned into affordable homes, facilities cheap to access now that the Olympics are done.

Positives of the Olympic Park regeneration (environmental)- Plans for attractive green parks, large area of available land so not much land had to be cleared, stadiums made from 25% recycled materials, new green spaces and wildlife habitats were created including ponds, woodlands and artificial otter holts.

Negatives of the Olympic Park regeneration (social)- Unemployment increased in areas such as Tower Hamlets, Local businesses had to move, properties for the poorer people demolished to make way for site.

Negatives of the Olympic Park regeneration (economic)- Rents and property prices increased after games, 2,800 new affordable homes will be unaffordable to Newham’s poorest households, many people in the boroughs surrounding the Olympic park remain in poverty.

Negatives of the Olympic Park regeneration (environmental)- The games produced 3.3 million tons of CO2, Lots of wildlife had to be relocated, many of the materials used to make the park came from overseas.

Freiburg is located in Germany, to the south-west. It is around 200 km away from Munich.

Freiburg is sustainable by using solar power, having 40% of the city forested, reusing rainwater for use indoors and having water retention basins, using integrated transport, restricting car parking spaces and leaving open space.