Spanish 3 Semester 2 Final Exam Flashcards
UNIT 5: THE SUBJUNCTIVE
Overview and Usage
- Definition: The subjunctive is a mood used to express things that are: * Not certain * Not facts * Opinions * Subjective * Wants
- The Three Requirements for the Subjunctive: 1. Trigger: A specific verb or phrase that necessitates the mood. 2. Que: The conjunction connecting the two clauses. 3. Subject Change: The subject of the first clause must be different from the subject of the second clause.
WEIRDO Subjunctive Triggers
- W – Wishes (Wants/Desires): * querer (to want) * preferir (to prefer) * esperar (to wait/hope) * desear (to wish/desire) * Example Translation: "Quiero que tú comas saludable" translates to "I want you to eat healthy."
- E – Emotions: * gustar (to like) * encantar (to enjoy/love) * molestar (to bother) * preocupar (to worry) * alegrar (to bring happiness) * Example Translation: "Me molesta que el servicio sea lento" translates to "It bothers me that the service is slow."
- I – Impersonal Expressions: * These often start with "Es + adjective + que." * Es importante que… * Es recomendable que… * Es fundamental que… * Es necesario que… * Example Translation: "Es recomendable que el chef limpie temprano" translates to "It is recommended that the chef clean early."
- R – Requests / Recommendations / Requirements: * mandar (to demand/order) * pedir (to ask for) * recomendar (to recommend) * Example Translation: "Recomiendo que el chef prepare la comida" translates to "I recommend that the chef prepare the food."
- D – Doubt / Disbelief: * dudar que (to doubt that) * Example Translation: "Dudo que la comida sea fresca" translates to "I doubt that the food is fresh."
- O – Ojalá: * This term can mean: "I hope," "I wish," or "Hopefully." * Example Translation: "Ojalá que el servicio sea mejor" translates to "I hope that the service is better."
Vocabulary: Food Quality and Service
- Food Quality (Calidad de la comida): * Quality: calidad * Fresh: fresco * Expired: vencido/a * Reliable: con fiable (noted as Louble in student text)
- Cleanliness and Safety: * Hygienic: higiénicos * Dirty: sucio/a * Clean: limpio * Cleanliness: limpieza * Safe: seguro/a * Contaminated: contaminado * Food safety: seguridad alimentaria
- Cooking and Texture: * Well cooked: bien cocido * Poorly cooked: mal cocido * Undercooked: crudo * Burnt: quemado * Greasy: grasoso * Dry: seco * Salty: salado * Bland: insípido
- Service Quality: * Professional: profesional * Efficient: eficiente * Slow: lento * Inconsistent: inconsistente * Careless: descuidado * Attentive: atento
How to Form the Present Subjunctive
- Step 1: Start with the "yo" form of the present indicative (e.g., hablo, como, vivo, tengo).
- Step 2: Drop the "-o" (e.g., habl-, com-, viv-, teng-).
- Step 3: Add the opposite endings.
Subjunctive Endings
For -AR Verbs:
- yo:
- tú:
- él/ella/ud:
- nosotros:
- ellos/ellas/ustedes:
For -ER / -IR Verbs:
- yo:
- tú:
- él/ella/ud:
- nosotros:
- ellos/ellas/ustedes:
Unit 5 Translation Practice
- Sentence: I love that the food is hot. * Translation: Yo ame que la comida sea caliente.
- Sentence: It bothers me that the restaurant smells bad. * Translation: Me molesta que el restaurante huela mal.
- Sentence: I advise you to eat more fruits. * Translation: Yo sugiero que tú comas más frutas.
- Sentence: It is essential that the service be fast. * Translation: Es esencial que el servicio sea rápido.
- Sentence: I doubt that the dish is well prepared. * Translation: Yo dudo que el plato sea bien preparado.
- Sentence: It worries me that the kitchen is not organized. * Translation: Me preocupa que la cocina no sea organizado.
- Sentence: Hopefully the place is clean and organized. * Translation: Ojalá que el lugar sea limpio y organizado.
- Sentence: My friends want me to try new food. * Translation: Mis amigos quieren que yo pruebe comida nueva.
- Sentence: I am disappointed that the waiter is slow. * Translation: Yo soy decepcionado que el camarero sea lento.
- Sentence: It is essential that the food be fresh. * Translation: Sea esencial que la comida sea fresca.
- Sentence: I don't think that the restaurant is dependable. * Translation: No pienso que el restaurante sea fiable.
- Sentence: I suggest that the chef make better dishes. * Translation: Yo sugiero que el chef haga mejores platos.
- Sentence: It frustrates me that the food is greasy. * Translation: Me frustrado que la comida sea grasoso.
- Sentence: It is better that the restaurant improve its cleanliness. * Translation: Sea mejor que el restaurante mejorar sea limpieza.
- Sentence: Hopefully the service is attentive and professional. * Translation: Ojalá el servicio sea atento y profesional.
UNIT 6: PERFECT TENSES (MI BIENESTAR Y MIS EXPERIENCIAS)
Vocabulario de Mi Bienestar
- General Concepts: * Well-being: bienestar * Mental Health: salud mental * Calmness: tranquilo * Personal Growth: el crecimiento * Anxiety: ansiedad * Stress: estrés * Routine: la rutina * Habit: hábito * Emotional Support: apoyo emocional * Progress: el progreso * Productivity: productividad * Mental Clarity: paz mental * To Develop: desarrollar * Burnout: el burn-out * Personal Satisfaction: satisfacción personal * Recovery: recuperación * Self-esteem: autoestima * Strategy: las estrategias * Responsibility: responsabilidad * Commitment: compromiso * Energy: la energía * Transformation: transformación * Success: éxito * Resilience: resiliencia * Confidence: confianza * Achievement: el logro * Balance: equilibrio * Conflict: conflicto * Discipline: la disciplina * Motivation: motivación
Part 1: Perfect Tense Overview
- The Formula:
- The past participle never changes its ending in this construction.
- Only the form of haber changes to indicate the tense and subject.
- Example: "He cambiado mi rutina" (I have changed my routine).
Part 2: Present Perfect Structure (Have)
- Conjugations of haber: * yo: he * tú: has * él/ella/usted: ha * nosotros: hemos * ellos/ellas/ustedes: han
- Participle Endings: * -AR verbs: * -ER / -IR verbs:
Present Perfect Translations
- Sentence: I have improved my mental health. * Translation: Me he mejorado la salud mental.
- Sentence: They have found a new way to relax. * Translation: Ellos han descubierto una nueva manera de dormir tranquilo.
- Sentence: We have left behind our bad habits. * Translation: Hemos dejado sus malos hábitos.
- Sentence: They have changed their style of clothing for school. * Translation: Ellos han cambiado ellos estilo ropa para escuela.
- Sentence: She has adopted healthier habits. * Translation: Ella ha adoptado hábitos saludables.
- Sentence: We have learned to manage stress better. * Translation: Hemos aprendido manejado el estrés mejor.
Part 3: Past Perfect / Pluscuamperfecto (Had)
- Conjugations of haber: * yo: había * tú: habías * él/ella/usted: había * nosotros: habíamos * ellos/ellas/ustedes: habían
Past Perfect Translations
- Sentence: He had led a fulfilling life. * Translation: Había vivido una vida plenamente.
- Sentence: They had eaten dinner early after they had gone to the gym. * Translation: Habían cenado temprano después ellos habían ido al gimnasio.
- Sentence: We had noticed progress in his study routine before the exam. * Translation: Habíamos visto progreso en su rutina estudiado antes del examen.
- Sentence: I had resolved the problem before the meeting. * Translation: Había resuelto el problema antes de la cita.
- Sentence: You had improved your exercise routine before the summer started. * Translation: Habías mejorado tu rutina ejercicio antes el verano empezar.
Part 4: Future Perfect (Will Have)
- Conjugations of haber: * yo: habré * tú: habrás * él/ella/usted: habrá * nosotros: habremos * ellos/ellas/ustedes: habrán
Future Perfect Translations
- Sentence: By December, I will have accomplished a goal for my well-being. * Translation: Para diciembre, habré cumplido una meta por mi bienestar.
- Sentence: They will have prepared before the competition. * Translation: Habrán preparado antes de la competencia.
- Sentence: By the end of the year, we will have improved our performance. * Translation: Para fin del año, habremos mejorado el rendimiento.
- Sentence: By next year, you will have experienced an important personal change. * Translation: Para el próximo año, habrás experimentado un importante cambio personal.
- Sentence: You will have made a new routine to take care of your mental health. * Translation: Habrás hecho una rutina nueva para tener tu salud mental.
Common Irregular Participles
- hacer (To do/make): hecho
- decir (To say/tell): dicho
- ver (To see): visto
- poner (To put): puesto
- escribir (To write): escrito
- abrir (To open): abierto
- romper (To break): roto
- volver (To return): vuelto
- descubrir (To discover): descubierto
- morir (To die): muerto
- devolver (To return an object): devuelto
- resolver (To resolve): resuelto
UNIT 8: POR VS. PARA
The Golden Rule
- POR = WHY (The Reason or Cause)
- PARA = WHAT FOR (The Goal or Purpose)
Por: The Reason (Why?)
Use por when explaining why something happens.
- Common Uses: * Reason: por la presión * Cause: por el estrés * Motivation: por mi familia * Exchange: pagué $10 por la comida * Duration: estudié por 2 horas
- Examples: * Trabajo por dinero. * Estoy cansado por el trabajo. * Estudio por la presión académica.
Para: The Purpose (For what?)
Use para when explaining a goal or purpose.
- Common Uses: * Purpose: para estudiar * Goal: para tener éxito * Future: para mi futuro * Recipient: este regalo es para ti * Deadline: la tarea es para mañana
- Examples: * Estudio para tener éxito. * Trabajo para pagar mis gastos. * Voy a la universidad para obtener un título.
Vocabulary for Por vs. Para Contexts
- Academic and Success: * University: universidad * Future: futuro * Effort: esfuerzo * Pressure: presión * College major: la carrera universitaria * Motivation: motivación * Academic success: éxito académico * Professional success: éxito profesional * Financial stability: estabilidad financiera * Goals: metas * Objectives: objetivos * Purpose: propósito
- Stress and Responsibilities: * Anxiety: ansiedad * Stress: estrés * Exhaustion: agotamiento * Conflict: conflicto * Responsibility: responsabilidad * Personal responsibility: responsabilidad personal * Commitment: compromiso * Sacrifice: sacrificio
- Actions and Skills: * To reach goals: alcanzar metas * To earn a degree: obtener título * To develop skills: desarrollar habilidades * To improve: mejorar * Lack of time: falta de tiempo * Lack of money: falta de dinero * To take decisions: tomar decisiones * To get organized: organizarse * To fulfill obligations: cumplir
Practice Section
Choose Por or Para
- Estudio para mis metas.
- Trabajo por dinero.
- Estudio por la presión.
- Trabajo para ayudar a mi familia.
- Estoy cansado por el trabajo.
- Voy a la universidad para tener éxito.
- Lo hago por mi familia.
- Estudio para mejorar mis notas.
Translation Practice: English to Spanish
- Sentence: I study because of the pressure, but I study to achieve my goals. * Translation: Yo estudio por el presión, pero yo estudio para alcanzar mis metas.
- Sentence: I work for money, but I also work to reach financial stability. * Translation: Yo trabajo por dinero, pero también trabajo para alcanzar estabilidad económica.
- Sentence: Many students study because of their family, but they study to have a better future. * Translation: Muchos estudiantes estudian por sus familias, pero ellos estudian para tener un mejor futuro.
- Sentence: I am stressed because of my responsibilities, and I need to organize my time to improve. * Translation: Yo soy estresado por mis responsabilidades, y yo necesito organizar mi tiempo para mejorar.
- Sentence: It is important to study to obtain a university degree. * Translation: Es importante a estudiar para obtener un carrera universidad.
- Sentence: I work because of my responsibilities, but I work to develop professional skills. * Translation: Yo trabajo por mis responsabilidades, pero yo trabajo para desarrollar profesional.
- Sentence: I make decisions because of the pressure, but I want to make decisions to improve my future. * Translation: Yo hago decisiones por presión, pero yo quiero tomar decisiones para mejorar mi futuro.
- Sentence: Many people feel anxiety because of stress, but they try to improve their habits to have balance. * Translation: Muchas personas tienen ansiedad por el estrés, pero ellos quieren mejorar los hábitos para tener estabilidad.
- Sentence: I study because of my parents, but I also study to achieve academic success. * Translation: Yo estudio por mis padres, pero yo estudio para obtener éxito académico.