Social psychology: One's thoughts, feelings, behavior influence and the influences of social groups Social influence: Interactions allowing others to influence behavior, feelings, and thoughts of an individual Conformity: Changing one's behavior to match actions of others Group Behavior Groupthink: Occurs when group values groups cohesiveness rather than considering the facts realistically (thinking titanic is unsinkable=not enough lifeboats) Group polarization: Tendency for members of group discussion to take extreme positions and suggest riskier actions compared to those not apart of discussion Social facilitation: Presence of others having positive impact on performance Social Impairment: Presence of others having a negative impact on performance Social loafing: Tendency for one to put less effort into a group task but more when working alone Deindividualization: Lessening of personal identity or responsibility in group
Compliance: People change their behavior as result of another person or group asking or directing them to change Foot-in-the-door: Compliance with smaller request followed by larger request Door-in-the-face: Larger request first and refused, followed by smaller more reasonable request Lowball: Getting commitment then raising cost of commitment (time, effort, taxes)
Obedience: Changing behavior at direct order of authority figure Social cognition: How people think of others, how these cognitions influence behavior towards others Attitude: Tendency to respond positively or negatively towards certain ideas, person, object, or situations Persuasion: Process where on tries to change belief, opinion, position, or action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation Elaboration likelihood model: People elaborated based on facts of message or do not elaborate and pay attention to surface characteristics (length, deliverer) Central route processing: Info processing that attends to the content of the message Peripheral route processing: Info processing reliant on external cues (Guilty=shifty eyes)
Cognitive dissonance: Discomfort that occurs when one's behavior does not match the idea of themselves as smart, nice, or moral Impression formation: Forming of first knowledge one has of another person Implicit personality theory: Assumptions how different types of people, personalities, and actions are related (happy=friendly, quiet=shy)
Attribution theory: Why things happen, explanations of behavior one does Situational cause: Cause of behavior is external (weather, traffic) Dispositional cause: Behavior comes from within person (characteristics) Fundamental attribution error: Tendency to overestimate influence of characteristics on behavior, underestimate situational factors Actor Bias: Aware of situational influences (late=traffic, not lack of concern) Observer Bias: Situational attributions over personal, who one is based on actions not external factors (late=lack of concern)
Personality: Unique way individuals think, act, and feel in life Psychodynamic view on personality: Role of unconscious mind in development of personality Ego: Personality that is mostly conscious, rational, logical, deal with reality Ego Defense mechanisms: Ways of dealing with anxiety through unconsciously distorting one's perception of reality Denial: Refusal to recognize or acknowledge threatening situation Displacement: Expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed to real target, instead directed to less threatening sub target Projection: Placing one's unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if thoughts belonged to them and not oneself Rationalization: Unacceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior Reaction formation: Forming emotional reaction or attitude that is opposite of one's unacceptable thought or beliefs Regression: Childlike patterns to deal or cope with stressful situations Repression: Pushing threatening or conflicting events out of memory Sublimation: Turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior
Behavioral view on personality: Social cognitive view: Learning theory that include cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models reciprocal determinism: Environment, behavior, and personal or cognitive factors interact to determine future behavior Self-efficacy: Ones expectancy of how effective their efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance
Humanist view of personality: Positive regard: Warmth, attention, love, and respect come from significant others Unconditional positive regard: Love, affection, and respect with no strings attached Conditional positive regard: Love, affection, and respect is given only when one is doing what the providers wish fully functional person: One who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost feelings and urges
Trait theories on personality: Trait theories: Theories that describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior Trait: Consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving Surface traits: Personality characteristics easily seen by others Source traits: Basic traits underlying surface traits factor analysis: Statistical technique that looks for grouping and commodities in numerical date Five Factor Model: Model of personality traits that describes five basic dimensions Openness: One's willingness to try new things (see things other don’t) Conscientiousness: One’s organization and motivation Extraversion: Extraverts (sociable) vs introverts (solitary) Agreeableness: Basic emotional style (friendly vs. grumpy) Neuroticism: Emotional stability or instability (fear of the worst, getting irritated)
| Social Interaction Prejudice: Negative stereotype attitude held by a person about member of particular social group Discrimination: Treating one differently due to prejudice toward the social group they belong Explicit attitudes: Attitudes toward people or events we are aware of (good job=school) Self-serving bias: Interpret events in a way that assigns credit for success to oneself but denies ones responsibility for failure, blamed on external factors (bad grade=being busy) Just World Hypothesis: Belief that social environment is fair, people get what they deserve (one in poverty=not working hard enough for good life)
Types of prejudice and discrimination Ethnocentrism: Belief one’s own cultures is superior to others, holding cultures belief over others In-group: Social group which one identifies with Out-group: Social group one does not identify with Scapegoating: Typically member or members of an out group that serves as a target for frustrations of members of in group
How prejudice is learned realistic conflict theory: Theory stating that prejudice and discrimination will increase between groups that are in conflict over limited resources (land, jobs) social identity theory: (Social comparison): People compare themselves favorably to others to improve own self esteem stereotype vulnerability: Effects one's awareness of stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior self-fulfilling prophecy: Effect expectations have on outcomes
Overcoming prejudice Robbers Cave Experiment: Study showing competition between groups can lead to conflict and violence Equal status contact: Contact between groups in which groups have equal status, same amount of power Superordinate goals: Goals that require cooperation from both groups to achieve
Interpersonal attraction: Liking or having desire for a relationship with someone Aggression: Harming one physically or psychologically, violence towards someone Prosocial behavior: Socially desirable behavior that benefits others Altruism: Helping someone with no expectation of reward and other with risk or harm to oneself bystander effect: Likelihood of bystander to help someone in trouble decreases as the number of bystanders increases diffusion of responsibility: Phenomenon where one fails to take responsibility for action or inaction due to presence of others who share responsibility
Behavioral genetics: Study of how much one's personality is due to inherited traits Twin studies: Study of identical or fraternal twins raises in different environment to discover the influence of genetics of various traits such as personality Adoptive studies: Study of unrelated people raised in same environment to discover influence of environment and genetics on personality Assessment of Personality Interview: (halo effect): First impression with influence following interpretations to agree with first impression Projective tests: Personality tests that present visual stimuli and ask clients what they see Rorschach inkblot test: Test where one is asked to look at an inkblot and say what it looks like, used to describe personality, diagnose disorders, predict behavior Thematic apperception test: Client asked to tell a story about person pictured in ambiguous situation, revealing one's own problems Problems with Projective tests: Subjective and have low reliability and validity
Personality inventory: A questionnaire consisting of yes, no, or can’t decide answers Cattell’s 16PF: Self-report test measuring ones 16 distinct primary traits Problems with personality inventories: Observer effect (behavior is affected by being watched) and observer bias (observers correlating observations with each other)
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