The Language of Medicine - Chapter 2 Review

The Language of Medicine, 13th Edition

Chapter 2: Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole

Chapter Goals (Slide 1 of 2)

  • Define terms that apply to the structural organization of the body.

  • Identify the body cavities and recognize the organs contained within those cavities.

  • Locate and identify the anatomical and clinical divisions of the abdomen.

  • Locate and name the anatomical divisions of the back.

Chapter Goals (Slide 2 of 2)

  • Become acquainted with terms that describe positions, directions, and planes of the body.

  • Identify the meanings for new word elements and use them to understand medical terms.

Lesson 2.1: Structural Organization and Body Cavities

Key Concepts

  • Define terms that apply to the structural organization of the body.

  • Identify the body cavities and recognize the organs contained within those cavities.

  • Locate and identify the anatomical and clinical divisions of the abdomen.

Structural Organization of the Body

  • Levels of Organization:

    • Cells: The fundamental unit of all living things.

    • Tissues: Groups of similar cells working together to perform specific functions.

    • Organs: Different types of tissues combine to form an organ.

    • Systems: Groups of organs working together to perform complex functions.

Cells: The Fundamental Unit

  • Major Parts of a Cell Include:

    • Chromosomes: Structures consisting of DNA that carry genetic information.

    • Nucleus: The control center of the cell, containing genetic material.

    • Cell Membrane: The outer boundary of the cell that regulates what enters and exits.

    • Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance within the cell that houses organelles.

    • Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell, generating energy through metabolism.

    • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Responsible for protein and lipid synthesis.

Specialization of Cells

  • Types of Cells Include:

    • Muscle Cell: Specialized for contraction and movement.

    • Nerve Cell: Specialized for transmitting electrical impulses.

    • Epithelial Cell: Forms protective barriers and facilitates absorption and secretion.

    • Fat Cell: Store energy in the form of fat.

Tissues

  • Definition: A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific job.

  • Different types of tissues combine to form organs.

Systems

  • Definition: Groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions.

  • Hierarchy:

    • Similar cells → Tissues → Groups of different tissues → Organs → Groups of different organs → Systems

Body Cavities

Definition and Types (Slide 1 of 2)

  • Body Cavities: Spaces within the body that contain internal organs (viscera).

  • Major Body Cavities Include:

    • Cranial

    • Thoracic

    • Abdominal

    • Pelvic

    • Spinal

Body Cavities (Slide 2 of 2)

  • Cranial Cavity: Encloses the brain.

  • Thoracic Cavity: Contains the pleural cavity and mediastinum.

  • Abdominal Cavity: Contains viscera associated with digestion and other organs.

  • Pelvic Cavity: Contains lower digestive organs and reproductive organs.

  • Spinal Cavity: Contains the spinal cord.

Organs of the Body Cavities

  • Cranial Cavity:

    • Contains the Brain.

  • Thoracic Cavity:

    • Contains Lungs, Heart, Esophagus, Trachea, Bronchial Tubes, Thymus Gland, and Aorta.

  • Abdominal Cavity:

    • Contains Stomach, Small and Large Intestines, Spleen, Pancreas, Liver, and Gall Bladder.

  • Pelvic Cavity:

    • Contains parts of the Small and Large Intestines, Bladder, Rectum, Urethra, and in females, the Uterus and Vagina.

  • Spinal Cavity:

    • Contains Nerves of the Spinal Cord.

Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants

Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity (Slide 1 of 2)

  • Right Hypochondriac Region

  • Left Hypochondriac Region

  • Epigastric Region

  • Right Lumbar Region

  • Left Lumbar Region

  • Umbilical Region

  • Right Inguinal Region

  • Left Inguinal Region

  • Hypogastric Region

Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity (Slide 2 of 2)

  • Diagram and detailed descriptions of the abdominopelvic regions.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants (Slide 1 of 2)

  • Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ): Contains liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and parts of small and large intestines.

  • Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ): Contains liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, and parts of small and large intestines.

  • Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ): Contains parts of small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, and right ureter.

  • Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ): Contains parts of small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, and left ureter.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants (Slide 2 of 2)

  • Diagrammatic representation of the quadrants and their respective organs.

Lesson 2.2: Positions, Directions, Planes, and Terminology

Anatomical Divisions of the Back (Slide 1 of 2)

  • Cervical: Neck region, consisting of 7 vertebrae (C1-C7).

  • Thoracic: Upper and middle back region, consisting of 12 vertebrae (T1-T12).

  • Lumbar: Lower back region, consisting of 5 vertebrae (L1-L5).

  • Sacral: Base of the spine, composed of 5 fused vertebrae.

  • Coccygeal: Region of the tailbone, consisting of 4 fused vertebrae.

Anatomical Divisions of the Back (Slide 2 of 2)

  • Diagram of vertebral anatomy, illustrating cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.

Study Sections and Quick Quizzes

Study Section 4 (Slide 1 of 2)

  • Abdominopelvic Regions:

    • Hypochondriac

    • Epigastric

    • Lumbar

    • Umbilical

    • Inguinal

    • Hypogastric

  • Abdominopelvic Quadrants:

    • RUQ

    • LUQ

    • RLQ

    • LLQ

Study Section 4 (Slide 2 of 2)

  • Divisions of the Back:

    • Cervical

    • Thoracic

    • Lumbar

    • Sacral

    • Coccygeal

  • Related Terms:

    • Vertebra

    • Vertebrae

    • Spinal Column

    • Spinal Cord

    • Disc

Positional and Directional Terms of the Body

  • Positional and Directional Terms:

    • Anterior

    • Posterior

    • Deep

    • Superficial

    • Proximal

    • Distal

    • Inferior

    • Superior

    • Medial

    • Lateral

    • Supine

    • Prone

Planes of the Body (Slide 1 of 2)

  • Frontal (Coronal)

  • Sagittal (Lateral)

  • Transverse (Cross-sectional or Axial)

Planes of the Body (Slide 2 of 2)

  • Illustrations of the three planes of the body showing their relationship to anatomical orientation.

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes

Common Combining Forms (Slide 1 of 20)

  • abdomin/o: abdomen

  • adip/o: fat

  • anter/o: front

Common Combining Forms (Slide 2 of 20)

  • cervic/o: neck (of the body or uterus)

  • chondr/o: cartilage

  • chrom/o: color

  • coccyg/o: coccyx (tailbone)

Common Combining Forms (Slide 3 of 20)

  • crani/o: skull

  • cyt/o: cell

  • dist/o: far, distant

  • dors/o: back portion of the body

Common Combining Forms (Slide 4 of 20)

  • hist/o, histi/o: tissue

  • ili/o: ilium (of the hip bone)

  • inguin/o: groin

  • kary/o: nucleus

Common Combining Forms (Slide 5 of 20)

  • later/o: side

  • lumb/o: lower back

  • medi/o: middle

  • nucle/o: nucleus

Common Combining Forms (Slide 6 of 20)

  • pelv/i: pelvis

  • pharyng/o: pharynx (throat)

  • poster/o: back, behind

  • proxim/o: nearest

  • sacr/o: sacrum

Common Combining Forms (Slide 7 of 20)

  • sarc/o: flesh

  • spin/o: spine, backbone

  • thel/o, theli/o: nipple

  • thorac/o: chest

  • trache/o: trachea, windpipe

Common Combining Forms (Slide 8 of 20)

  • umbilic/o: navel, umbilicus

  • ventr/o: belly side of the body

  • vertebr/o: vertebra(e), backbone(s)

  • viscer/o: internal organs

Common Prefixes (Slide 1 of 20)

  • ana-: up

  • cata-: down

  • epi-: above

  • hypo-: below

  • inter-: between

  • intra-: within

  • meta-: change

Common Suffixes (Slide 1 of 20)

  • -eal: pertaining to

  • -iac: pertaining to

  • -ior: pertaining to

  • -ism: process, condition

  • -ose: pertaining to, full of

  • -plasm: formation

  • -somes: bodies

  • -type: picture, classification

Quick Quiz (Slide 5 of 5)

  • Which term means process of cutting the skull?

    • Options:

    • Thoracotomy

    • Craniotomy

    • Discectomy

    • Arthroscopy

Important Definitions and Terms

  • Anabolism: The metabolic process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.

  • Catabolism: The metabolic process of breaking down larger molecules to release energy.

  • Metabolism: The total of all physical and chemical processes in the body that produce and utilize energy.

  • Karyotype: The number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

  • Histologist: A scientist specializing in the study of tissues.

Ethical and Practical Implications

  • Understanding the structural organization of the body is critical in fields such as medicine and healthcare, facilitating effective diagnosis and treatment.

  • Knowledge of anatomical terms enhances communication among medical professionals, ensuring precision in discussing patient conditions and treatment options.

  • Familiarity with body cavities and the organs they contain informs medical procedures such as surgeries and imaging studies.