~ Imperialism in Africa and Asia

1. Resource Exploitation: European powers exploited Africa and Asia for resources like minerals and spices, often through coercive labor practices.

2. Political Control: Colonizers established dominance through military occupation, denying indigenous populations self-governance.

3. Cultural Imposition: European cultures were imposed, eroding indigenous identities and traditions.

4. Social Disruption: Traditional structures were disrupted, leading to conflicts and displacement from lands.

5. Resistance and Nationalism: Indigenous movements emerged, advocating for independence and self-determination, ultimately leading to decolonization.

~ Emperor Napoleon

• Rise to Power: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, became Emperor Napoleon III after a coup in 1851.

• Urban Modernization: Napoleon III transformed Paris with urban planning projects, creating wide boulevards and parks.

• Foreign Policy and Colonization: He pursued aggressive foreign policy, engaging in wars like the Crimean War and expanding French colonies in Southeast Asia and Africa.

~Napoleon’s Wars

1. Crimean War (1853-1856): Napoleon III allied with Britain and the Ottoman Empire against Russia to curb Russian expansion in the Black Sea region.

2. Italian Unification (1859-1861): Napoleon III supported Italian nationalists against Austrian rule, contributing to victories at battles like Magenta and Solferino and the eventual formation of the Kingdom of Italy.

3. Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871): Napoleon III's declaration of war on Prussia led to his defeat at the Battle of Sedan in 1870, resulting in his capture and the collapse of the Second French Empire, paving the way for German unification and the establishment of the Third French Republic.

~ Franco-Prussian War

1. Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871): Napoleon III's declaration of war on Prussia led to his defeat at the Battle of Sedan in 1870, resulting in his capture and the collapse of the Second French Empire, paving the way for German unification and the establishment of the Third French Republic.

~Italian and German Unification

1. Italian Unification (Risorgimento):

   • Led by Garibaldi and Cavour, Italy unified through wars and diplomacy in the mid-19th century.

   • Key victories against Austria in battles like Magenta and Solferino led to unification in 1861.

   • Rome and Venice joined later, establishing Italy as an independent nation-state.

2. German Unification (Deutsche Einigung):

   • Bismarck orchestrated German unification through diplomacy and war in the 19th century.

   • Victories in the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War led to unification under Prussian leadership.

   • Wilhelm I was proclaimed German Emperor in 1871, marking the establishment of the German Empire.

~ Triple Alliance/Triple Entente

• The Triple Alliance was a military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed in 1882 as a defensive measure in Europe.

~ Black Hand

secret military society formed in 1901 by serbians

~ Queen Victoria

1. Long Reign: Queen Victoria was the longest-reigning British monarch until Queen Elizabeth II surpassed her in 2015.

2. Victorian Era: Her reign coincided with the transformative Victorian Era marked by industrialization and the expansion of the British Empire.

3. Marriage and Family: Victoria married Prince Albert and had nine children, strategically uniting European royal families.

4. Widowhood: After Albert's death, Victoria entered a prolonged period of mourning, influencing British society.

5. Empire Expansion: Under Victoria, Britain expanded its colonial holdings globally, becoming the world's largest colonial power.