Study Notes: Globalisation

1. What is Globalisation?

Definition:
Globalisation refers to the increasing interconnectedness of countries through trade, technology, communication, and cultural exchange.

Key Aspects:

• Economic globalisation – trade, investment, multinational corporations (MNCs).

• Political globalisation – international organisations, global governance.

• Cultural globalisation – media, migration, shared cultural influences.

• Technological globalisation – internet, social media, innovation.

2. Factors Driving Globalisation

Technological Advancements

• Internet and digital communication – Instant global connectivity.

• Faster transport – Air travel, high-speed rail, container shipping.

• Automation and AI – Increased productivity and efficiency.

Trade Liberalisation

• Free trade agreements – WTO, EU, NAFTA.

• Reduction of tariffs and barriers – Encourages economic integration.

Growth of Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

• Apple, McDonald's, Amazon – Influence on jobs, culture, and economies.

• Supply chains across multiple countries.

Migration and Labour Mobility

• Movement of people for work and education.

• Cultural diversity – Blending of traditions.

Media and Cultural Exchange

• Social media, films, and music spreading globally.

• Impact of Westernisation and hybrid cultures.

3. Diffusion & The Global Village

Diffusion

• Definition – The process of ideas, products, and technology spreading worldwide.

• Types of diffusion:

  • Expansion Diffusion – Spread of ideas while remaining strong in the origin (e.g., fast food).

  • Relocation Diffusion – People moving and bringing culture (e.g., immigration).

Global Village

• Concept – The world is interconnected like a small village due to communication technology.

• Marshall McLuhan's idea – Everyone can access the same information instantly.

• Examples: Global social media trends, viral news, instant video calls.

4. Local Citizens vs Globalised Citizens

Local Citizens

• Engage mainly within their community.

• Preserve traditional culture and practices.

• Have limited global interactions.

Globalised Citizens

• Interact with people from different cultures.

• Use technology to stay connected internationally.

• Work for or consume products from multinational companies.

5. Transport Technology & Friction of Distance

Transport Technology

• Air travel – Makes international travel faster.

• High-speed trains – Connect major cities efficiently.

• Container shipping – Global trade made easier.

• Ride-sharing & electric vehicles – Changing urban mobility.

Friction of Distance

• Definition – The idea that distance is a barrier to interaction.

• Globalisation reduces friction of distance through improved transport and technology.

• Example: Online shopping removes the need for physical distance.

6. Time-Space Convergence

• Definition – The perception that the world is "shrinking" due to faster communication and transport.

• Example: A letter used to take weeks to arrive, now an email is instant.

• Factors affecting time-space convergence:

  • High-speed internet.

  • High-speed rail networks.

  • Air travel advancements.

7. Positive & Negative Impacts of Globalisation

Positive Impacts

✅ Economic Growth – Increased trade and investment boost economies.
✅ Job Creation – More employment opportunities in developing nations.
✅ Access to Technology – Developing nations gain access to innovations.
✅ Cultural Exchange – Exposure to different traditions and perspectives.
✅ Improved Living Standards – Cheaper goods, better healthcare, and education.

Negative Impacts

❌ Economic Inequality – Rich nations benefit more than developing ones.
❌ Environmental Damage – Deforestation, pollution, climate change.
❌ Loss of Cultural Identity – Western culture dominates local traditions.
❌ Exploitation of Labour – Poor working conditions in sweatshops.
❌ Financial Instability – Global financial crises spread quickly.

8. Globalisation & Key Linkages

Trade & Economy

• Global supply chains.

• Free trade agreements (EU, ASEAN).

• Role of World Trade Organization (WTO).

Technology

• Digital economy (e-commerce, AI).

• Influence of social media and big tech companies.

Culture & Society

• Spread of languages (English, Mandarin).

• Fast fashion, global brands.

• Tourism and its effects.

Politics & Global Governance

• United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank.

• Global responses to crises (COVID-19, climate change).

9. Case Studies & Examples

• China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – Expanding trade networks.

• Fast Fashion Industry – Global supply chains & environmental concerns.

• McDonald’s Global Expansion – Cultural adaptation in different countries.

• COVID-19 Pandemic – Impact on trade, travel, and healthcare.

10. Summary of Key Themes

📌 Globalisation affects economy, politics, culture, and technology.
📌 It has both positive and negative consequences.
📌 Countries and businesses must balance benefits with ethical concerns.
📌 Future of globalisation depends on sustainability and regulations.

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