Science, SOL notes 
Motion within the solar system involves two primary types: revolution and rotation. A revolution, which takes one year, refers to a planet's orbit around the sun, while rotation, taking one day, is the spinning of a planet on its axis; this rotation causes seasons. The solar system is divided into two main groups of planets: the inner, terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars), which are solid and have few moons, and the outer, gaseous planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), which possess many moons. These two groups are separated by the asteroid belt.
Water is known as a universal solvent due to its ability to dissolve more substances than any other liquid. Estuaries are unique environments where fresh water meets brackish water. Virginia has three significant watersheds: the Chesapeake Bay, North Carolina, and the Gulf of Mexico. The Earth's tides are primarily controlled by the gravitational pull from the Moon.
Non-renewable resources are those that cannot be replenished on a human timescale. Examples include fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, as well as nuclear energy. Atoms are composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons carry a positive charge, electrons carry a negative charge, and neutrons have no charge. Neutrons, along with protons, contribute to the mass of an atom and are found in its nucleus. The number of protons uniquely identifies an element.
In physics, energy exists in different forms. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy is the energy an object possesses due to its position. Sound travels through compressional waves, whereas light travels as transverse waves. Resonance refers to the natural frequency at which an object vibrates.
Ecosystems can be characterized by their components: abiotic factors are non-living, while biotic factors are living organisms. Plant cells contain both chlorophyll, which is essential for photosynthesis, and a cell wall, which provides structural support. In food webs, producers form the essential foundation for nearly all life. The process of cell division, mitosis, occurs in distinct phases: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cellular organization follows a hierarchy from cells to tissues, then to organs, systems, and finally to an entire organism.
Biological classification arranges life into a hierarchy: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Within communities, organisms can exhibit cooperation, where they work together, or competition, where they work against one another. Phenotype describes the physical appearance or observable traits of an organism, while genotype refers to its genetic makeup. A dominant trait is expressed and shows up, whereas a recessive trait remains hidden if a dominant allele is present.
Various biomes, or ecosystems, include the tundra (characterized by permafrost), grasslands, deserts, and rainforests. Rainforests are notable for having the highest biodiversity among these biomes. In terms of formulas, density is calculated as mass divided by volume (), and speed is calculated as distance divided by time ().
Chemical properties describe a substance's ability to react, such as its ability to burn or its classification as an acid or base. In nuclear science, fusion is the process of joining atoms, while fission is the splitting of atoms. Key concerns with nuclear processes include the potential for accidents and the challenges associated with disposing of waste.