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AP PSYCHOLOGY UNIT #2: PART 2

==Terms:==

TermsDefinitions
ConsciousnessThe state of being awake and aware of one's surroundings
HeredityThe passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another
HeritabilityThe proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes
Molecular Behavior GeneticsThe study of how the structure and functions of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior
EpigeneticsThe study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself
Circadian RhythmOur biological clock; is a regular bodily rhythm that occurs on a 24-hour cycle
Alpha WavesThe relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
Delta WavesThe slow, large brain waves associated with the deep sleep stage, NREM-3
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus controls the circadian rhythm. In response to light, the sun causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness
DissociationThe disconnection or separation of something from something else or the state of being disconnected
Psychoactive DrugA chemical substance that alters perception and moods
HypnosisThe induction of a state of consciousness in which a person apparently loses the power of voluntary action and is highly responsive to suggestion or direction
Posthypnotic SuggestionsA suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized

==Science Review:==

  • In the nucleus of our cells, there are 46 Chromosomes
  • Each chromosome contains coiled molecule chains of DNA
  • Each chain of DNA is broken down further into Genes
    • There are 30,000 gene codes in our body
  • All humans are 99.9% similar. So, just a small change in genetic code can create a large change in characteristics

==Evolutionary Psychology:==

  • Some psychologists believe that our behaviors are influenced by what humans have done in the past to survive
  • They believe these behaviors/traits have been written into our genetic code
  • Especially those traits that lead to an increased chance of reproduction and survival
    • Natural Selection

==Further Examples: Sexual Drive/Attitudes:==

  • Men can reproduce throughout their life, but women cannot; therefore women put more trust in children and their choice of mate
    • Women tend to seek stability and strength in a mate (support and protect)

==How/who do you study when looking at Nature vs. Nurture?==

  • Twin Studies:
    • Identical twins come from the same egg and are genetically identical
    • Fraternal twins come from separate eggs and are no more similar than any other brother or sister
    • Twins separated at birth are of great interest to psychologists in the study of nature vs. nurture
    • On most surveys, identical twins have more similar answers than fraternal twins
    • Bouchardā€™s University of Minnesota Study
    • Identical twins separated show more similarities to fraternal who were separated
    • Video Link #1
    • Video Link #2
  • Adoption Studies:
    • Do people show more characteristics of their adopted parent or their biological parent?
    • People who grow up together whether adopted or not do not have similar personalities
    • Adopted children show more traits of biological parents
    • But belief systems (politics, religion) will be the same as the household members
  • Temperament Studies:
    • Does emotional excitability stay the same throughout life?
    • Are babies that are excitable showing the same characteristics at 2 years, 21 years, etc.?
    • Studies show that, yes, although some people show minor changes in temperament, most people remain the same from birth until adulthood

==Environmental Factors:==

  • Four Main Environmental Factors:
ParentsWork ethic, politics, religion, morals
Early ExperienceCritical periods
PeersLanguage, culture, habits
CultureNorms, Culture Shock

Video Link

==The Future?==

  • Molecular Genetics
    • Identifying which genes are connected to which characteristics
  • Epigenetics
    • Environmental impact on how genes express themselves
    • Example: Poor nutrition during pregnancy might make children more susceptible to obesity

==The Nature of Gender:==

  • Chromosomes determine which sex a fetus will become
    • Male=XY
    • Female=XX
  • The Y chromosome triggers the release of testosterone and the development of male organs
    • If a female fetus is exposed to excess testosterone it may be more aggressive and have more male-oriented tastes (until puberty)

==The Nurture of Gender:==

TermExplanation
Gender RolesThe expectations set upon us by our culture
Gender IdentityWhich gender do we identify with
more (does not have to be the same as the sex you were born)
Gender TypingAs we get older, we learn
about masculine and feminine traits. We then act accordingly to which gender we identify with
Social Learning TheoryWe imitate
Gender Schema TheoryWe learn about what it means to be male or female through our culture

==Sleep Stages:==

Sleep StageFunction
NREM-1Dosing off, half in half out, may resemble hallucinating, but brain waves similar to being awake (known as onset sleep)
NREM-2Brain waves start to ā€œspindleā€, meaning there are short burstsā€¦. Lightly sleeping
NREM-3The deepest sleep brain waves are large (delta waves) and they are very hard to wake
  • Rapid Eye Movement (REM):
    • About every 60-90 minutes of sleep, our body enters a state of REM, which is unique and different from the 4 stages of sleep
  • What happens during REM:
    • Lasts about 10 minutes, but increases slightly as the night goes on
    • Bodily functions increase
    • Eyes dart around
    • Brain waves resemble those when we are awake
    • Dream vividly

==Other Sleep Facts:==

  • Stimulus in the room can impact sleep
    • Artificial light can impact our circadian rhythm
    • Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (Melatonin)
  • The amount of sleep we get can impact how we function. Sleep Deprivation can impact:
    • The immune system
    • Memory
    • Creativity
    • Concentration

==Sleep Disorders:==

Insomnia:

  • 10-15% of people suffer from the inability to fall or stay asleep
  • Potential causes: stress, anxiety, conflicted thoughts, depression
    • Sleeping pills and alcohol can also contribute due to their restriction on REM sleep (your body needs REM)
  • Advice For Insomnia:
    • Do relaxing activities before bed
    • Dim your lights at night
    • Avoid caffeine in the evening

Narcolepsy:

  • Narcolepsy is overwhelming sleepiness
    • People who suffer fall into a state of REM for about five minutes anytime during the day
    • Loss of muscle control
  • Narcoleptics may suffer from a lack of hypocretin, a neurotransmitter

Sleep Apnea:

  • People who suffer stop breathing during sleep (can be up to 400 times a night)
  • 1 in 20 suffers from this disorder, most commonly seen in overweight males who are heavy snorers
  • Can also lead to narcolepsy
  • Treatment generally is a breathing machine

Night Terrors:

  • These are not nightmares!
    • Nightmares occur during REM and are stressful dreams that wake you up
  • Night Terrors are when a person does not wake yet screams/yells in terror, may even run around, SNS activity increases, etc.
    • Occurs in stage NREM-3 sleep (intense for this generally calm, relaxed stage)
  • Most commonly found in children

==Dream Studies:==

  • Dreams are studied by awakening people during REM sleep and asking them what they were dreaming about
  • What we know:
    • You can change your dreams (Lucid Dreaming)
    • Close to 80% of our dreams are negative
    • Most are extremely boring
  • Dreams can be impacted by the stimulus in your environment
  • There is no proof that your behavior can be changed by what you hear in your sleep

==REM Rebound:==

  • If someone is deprived of sleep and/or awakens a lot during a sleep period, they will fall into REM quicker (as well as REM longer) than a ā€œregularā€ sleeper who is not sleep deprived
    • This is known as REM Rebound

==Dream Theories:==

  • Sigmund Freud
    • He believed that the storyline of dreams is impacted by the previous dayā€™s experiences (Manifest Content)
    • But there is hidden, symbolic meaning to the manifest content that represents our unconscious wishes (Latent Content)
  • Some believe that dreams help us solidify our memories (the brain is practicing)
  • Activation-Synthesis Theory
    • Neurons fire randomly while we sleep and our brain attempts to make sense of the randomness

==Meditation:==

  • Definition: A deep state of relaxation
  • Generally, the way it works is the person focuses on a Mantra (music, a picture, a picture in the mind, etc.)
  • Deep breathing allows your body to relax
  • Idea is to get your mind free of thoughts, release stress, and lower your blood pressure

==Hypnosis:==

  • Definition: A state of altered consciousness in which people become highly suggestible and do not use critical thinking skills
  • Facts about hypnosis:
    • It is not sleep
    • Imagination cooperates with suggestions from hypnotists
    • Subject must want to cooperate, it is not the domination of one over the other
    • The subject wonā€™t do things against their will
  • Some benefits of hypnosis are pain relief, and post-hypnotic suggestion, a method in which a suggestion is made that should continue even after the hypnotic trance is broken

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