SCI

Science 7

Made by the Elites Batch ‘31 Association

(Made by Duke and Anton)Thx Ali for Notes?

Topic 1: Data, Tables, and Graphs

Lesson 1: Data

                       A.  What is Data?

                                    -        something to be collected, interpreted, and analyzed

                                    -        collected through observation and collection

                      -        should be accurate and exact

                        B. Types of Data  

                                    1. Raw Data

•    unorganized and listed randomly

•    data collected immediately after the research was made and not sorted out 

                                    -          ex. “1, 2, 65, 23, 6,7,67,” (these are not in order and were randomly picked)

                                   2. Organized Data

                                    -          everything is listed in proper order, easy to look at, and presentable

                                    -          raw data is turned into organized data after the process of analyzing and          q      interpreting

        3. Quantitative Data

                                    -          numerical data with numbers

                    -           ex. “10 people got 18 out of 20 in the science test”

                                    -          ex. “Bob’s dad counted 42 birds in the sky this weekend.”                                    

4. Qualitative Data

                                    -           describes certain characteristics (ex. color, shape, appearance)

                                    -           ex. “The banner of Elite’s Batch 30’ is yellow, while Elite’s Batch 31’ is blue.”

Lesson 2: Table and Graphs

                     A. Tables 

                                 -            has a title which should include an independent and dependent variable

                                    -            contains variables in the actual content of the table

                      -            has measurable units

                      -            should have at least 3 trials to avoid experimental error

                                                              i. Experimental Error - a mistake/error in the experiment

                                                              ii. Find the average of the 3 trials by adding all of them then divide   a             by 3

                                   -              the IV should be placed on the 1st column, and the DV on the 2nd column.

                                   -              has rows and columns

                       B. Graphs

                                   -               title should also contain IV and DV

                                   -               data should be on the correct axis

                                   -               label X and Y axis (IV should be on X | DV should be on Y)

                                   -               should have consistent scale

                    -                plot, add your content

THINGS TO REMEMBER

• Graphs don't always start at 0

• DRY MIX is only for Graphs, not Tables

• Graphs are a visual representation of Tables

• Quantitative and qualitative data are the same as quantitative and qualitative observation

Topic 2: Overview of Conclusions

Lesson 1: General Knowledge of Conclusions

                     A. What are Conclusions and why are they used?

• A Statement summarizing the results of an experiment

• Shows if the study’s hypothesis is valid or not

• Based on the data gathered in the study

                     B. Steps in making a Conclusion

1. State if the hypothesis you reject or accept the hypothesis

2. Identify a trend or pattern like variable relationships

3. Refer/restate your hypothesis/initial question

4. Use data collected from the study as evidence

5. Reason why that data support your claim

   Q: Why do we need an average?
   A: To avoid flukes, or experimental errors.
   
   Q: Why is the table weirdly coloured?
   A: It is colour-coded.
   
   Q: What does DV and IV mean?
   A: DV means Dependent Variable, and IV means Independent Variable.
   
   Q: Why does the IV need to be on the far-left?
   A: The DV needs more space for the trials, and the average.
   

   
   Basic Knowledge

   Raw Data Organised Data

   It is unorganised, and listed how it was These are arranged and listed

   collected. chronologically.

    

   Tables Graphs

   It uses rows and columns, and shows It is a visual representation of the table.

   the exact numbers. It’s often made after the table.

   Components of a Table

               Table 1: The Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate (bpm)

   Physical Activity	Heart Rate (bpm)			Average
   	Trial 1	Trial 2	Trial 3
   Running	127	132	124	128
   Yoga	63	72	54	63
   Walking	112	102	118	111
   Sprinting	178	212	189	193
   Weight Lift.	130	143	152	142

   Title

   It includes the dependent and independent variables. You also must number the table to keep your data organised.

   Variables

   It can be changed and measured. The independent variable must be on the far left, and the dependent variables must be on the right. It also must have a measurable unit. Make space for the average on the far right.

   Trials

   An experiment must have AT LEAST 3 trials. Only having 2 trials does not help you make an average.

   Steps in Setting up a Table

   1. Write the title on the top of the table. Put your IV and DV, and say what you’re measuring.

   2. Label the left-most column with the IVs.

   3. Label the right columns with the DVs, and put the averages on the right-most column.

   4. Collect your data, then put them into the respective cells.

   5. Check the table for experimental errors.

   Relationship Between Variables

   Amnt. of Water	Height of Plant
   0	20
   10	15
   20	12
   30	10

   Direct     Indirect

   DV and IV change   DV and IV change

   together, for example,       in the opposite

   this table on the left.       direction. IV will

   DV and IV can increase     decrease,

   and decrease together.         however DV will

                  increase, and

      vice versa.
   

   Amnt. of Water	Height of Plant
   0	15
   10	15
   20	15
   30	15

   Constant         None

   DV does not change       There is no

   at all. IV does not matter discernible

   Here.           pattern that is

             recognizable.

   Graphing Data

   Dry Mix Direct Indirect Constant

   • Dependent

   • Responding

   • Y-Axis

   • Manipulated

   • Independent

   • X-Axis None

   Conclusions

   How 2 Make a Conclusion

   First, state whether you reject or do not reject a hypothesis. Then identify a relationship based on the data that was gathered, and after that, state your exact hypothesis or what you expect. In the middle, state the averages of the data. Second to last, identify why the dependent variable changed the way it did. Lastly, state the minor differences that an experimenter replicating the experiment might see.

   Ex.

   Based on the evidence, I do not reject the hypothesis that the length of the pendulum affects the number of swing cycles per minute. The data showed an indirect relationship, meaning that as the length of the pendulum increased, the number of swing cycles decreased throughout the 3 trials that were taken. The initial hypothesis that if the length of the string increased, then the number of swing cycles would be affected negatively. On average, a pendulum that had the length of 30 cm had 64 swing cycles, a pendulum that had the length of 50 cm had 52 swing cycles, a pendulum that had the length of 70 cm had 40 swing cycles, and finally a pendulum that had the length of 90 cm had 30 swing cycles. The length of the string affected the number of swing cycles, because there’s less distance between cycles. However, the variations of what angle the pendulum was started at, the slight inconsistencies with the length of the string, and the differences on air resistance might have affected the number of swings slightly.