Chapter 9 Body Systems Assignment Answers Definitions

Chapter 9 Body Systems Assignment Answers

Definitions

Homeostasis: Keeping the body balanced and stable.
Metabolism: The process of turning food into energy.
Organs: Body parts that perform special jobs.
Tissues: Groups of cells working together.

Fill in the blank:
Cells are the building blocks of the body.

Integumentary System

Components

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands.

3 Layers of Skin

  1. Epidermis – Outer layer; protects the body.

  2. Dermis – Middle layer; contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, and hair follicles.

  3. Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) – Fat layer; cushions and keeps body warm.

3 Functions of the Skin

  1. Protects the body from injury and germs.

  2. Helps control body temperature.

  3. Allows feeling of touch, heat, cold, and pain.

The skin is also a sense organ.

Normal Changes of Aging

  1. Skin becomes thinner.

  2. Skin becomes dry.

  3. Wrinkles appear.

  4. Bruises easier.

  5. Hair turns gray.

  6. Nails become thick and brittle.

  7. Less sweating.

Why elderly people bathe less frequently?

Because aging skin becomes dry and fragile easily.

Observations to Report

  1. Rashes

  2. Cuts

  3. Bruises

  4. Pressure sores

  5. Swelling

  6. Redness

  7. Bleeding

  8. Dry skin

  9. Skin tears

  10. Drainage

  11. Burning

  12. Itching

  13. Changes in moles

  14. Warm skin

  15. Pale skin

  16. Blue skin color

Musculoskeletal System

Crossword

  1. Joint

  2. Bones

  3. Muscles
    1 Down. Contracture
    2 Down. Atrophy

ROM Exercises

ROM exercises keep joints flexible, prevent stiffness, and help muscles stay strong.

Aging Changes

  1. Bones weaken.

  2. Joints stiffen.

  3. Muscle strength decreases.

  4. Height may decrease.

  5. Movement becomes slower.

Muscle Types

  • Skeletal: Moves bones voluntarily.

  • Cardiac: Found only in the heart.

  • Smooth: Found in organs and works automatically.

Nervous System

Purpose

Controls and coordinates body activities.

2 Main Parts

  1. Central nervous system

  2. Peripheral nervous system

3 Main Sections of the Brain

  1. Cerebrum

  2. Cerebellum

  3. Brainstem

Brain Lobes

  • Frontal Lobe: Thinking, speech, movement.

  • Parietal Lobe: Touch and temperature sensations.

  • Occipital Lobe: Vision.

  • Cerebellum: Balance and coordination.

  • Brainstem: Breathing and heartbeat control.

  • Temporal Lobe: Hearing and memory.

Aging Changes

  1. Slower reflexes.

  2. Memory changes.

  3. Slower response time.

Fill in the Blank

Right hemisphere controls the left side.
The left hemisphere controls the right side.

Signs to Report

  1. Confusion

  2. Dizziness

  3. Weakness

  4. Slurred speech

  5. Numbness

  6. Headache

  7. Tremors

  8. Seizures

  9. Fainting

  10. Vision changes

  11. Hearing changes

  12. Memory loss

  13. Paralysis

  14. Sudden behavior changes

  15. Loss of balance

Sense Organs

5 Sense Organs

  1. Eyes

  2. Ears

  3. Nose

  4. Tongue

  5. Skin

Eye Labels

  1. Cornea

  2. Pupil

  3. Iris

  4. Lens

  5. Retina

  6. Optic nerve

Ear Labels

Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, pinna, ear drum, ear canal, ossicles, cochlea, semicircular canals

Aging Changes

  1. Vision and hearing decrease.

  2. Taste and smell weaken.

Report Observations

  1. Eye redness or drainage

  2. Hearing loss

  3. Dizziness

Circulatory System

Crossword

  1. Four

  2. Aorta

  3. Arteries

  4. Veins

  5. Platelets

  6. Myocardium

  7. Bone marrow

  8. Hemoglobin

  9. Capillaries

1 Down. Leukocytes
4 Down. Erythrocytes
6 Down. Endocardium
7 Down. Epicardium
8 Down. Water
11 Down. Systole
14 Down. Heart

4 Functions

  1. Carries oxygen and nutrients.

  2. Removes wastes.

  3. Helps fight infection.

  4. Helps control body temperature.

Aging Changes

  1. Blood vessels stiffen.

  2. Heart weakens.

  3. Circulation slows.

Report Observations

  1. Chest pain

  2. Swelling

  3. Shortness of breath

  4. Blue skin color

  5. Fast pulse

  6. Slow pulse

  7. Dizziness

  8. Cold extremities

  9. High blood pressure

Difference Between Arteries and Veins

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood back to the heart.

Respiratory System

Diagram Labels

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Definitions

Respiration: Breathing process.
Inspiration: Breathing in.
Expiration: Breathing out.

2 Functions

  1. Brings oxygen into the body.

  2. Removes carbon dioxide.

Aging Changes

  1. Lungs become less elastic.

  2. Breathing muscles weaken.

  3. Less oxygen exchange.

  4. More shortness of breath.

Observations to Report

  1. Difficulty breathing

  2. Wheezing

  3. Coughing

  4. Chest pain

  5. Blue lips

  6. Rapid breathing

  7. Bloody mucus

  8. Fever

  9. Shortness of breath

Interaction With Circulatory System

In the lungs, oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood.

Urinary System

Labels

  1. Kidney

  2. Ureter

  3. Bladder

  4. Urethra

Functions

  1. Kidneys filter wastes from blood.

  2. Ureters carry urine to bladder.

  3. Bladder stores urine.

  4. Urethra removes urine from body.

Aging Changes

  1. Bladder weakens.

  2. More frequent urination.

  3. Less bladder control.

  4. Increased risk of infection.

Report Observations

  1. Painful urination

  2. Blood in urine

  3. Dark urine

  4. Strong odor

  5. Fever

  6. Incontinence

  7. No urine output

  8. Frequent urination

  9. Burning

  10. Swelling

  11. Back pain

Gastrointestinal System

Diagram Labels

Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Functions

  • Anus: Opens for waste removal.

  • Esophagus: Carries food to stomach.

  • Gallbladder: Stores bile.

  • Large intestine: Absorbs water and forms stool.

  • Liver: Produces bile and removes toxins.

  • Mouth: Begins digestion.

  • Pancreas: Makes digestive enzymes and insulin.

  • Rectum: Stores stool.

  • Salivary glands: Produce saliva.

  • Small intestine: Absorbs nutrients.

  • Stomach: Breaks down food.

Aging Changes

  1. Slower digestion.

  2. Less saliva.

  3. Constipation.

  4. Decreased appetite.

  5. Trouble chewing.

Report Observations

  1. Nausea

  2. Vomiting

  3. Diarrhea

  4. Constipation

  5. Abdominal pain

  6. Blood in stool

  7. Trouble swallowing

  8. Loss of appetite

  9. Weight loss

  10. Heartburn

  11. Black stool

  12. Swollen abdomen

  13. Yellow skin

Endocrine System

Crossword

  1. Thyroid

  2. Ovaries

  3. Glands

  4. Oxytocin

  5. Pancreas

  6. Parathyroid

  7. Hormones

  8. Adrenal glands

  9. Ovaries

  10. ADH

  11. Testes

  12. Pituitary gland

  13. Epinephrine

Aging Changes

  1. Hormone production decreases.

  2. Metabolism slows.

  3. Blood sugar regulation changes.

Report Observations

  1. Excess thirst

  2. Excess hunger

  3. Sweating

  4. Weight changes

  5. Fatigue

  6. Dizziness

  7. Mood changes

  8. Confusion

  9. Shakiness

  10. Frequent urination

  11. Weakness

  12. Blurred vision

  13. Slow healing

  14. Dry skin

  15. Hair loss

  16. Swelling

  17. Rapid heartbeat

  18. Cold intolerance

  19. Heat intolerance

  20. Increased infections

  21. Numbness

Reproductive System

Purpose

Produces sex cells and allows reproduction.

Fill in the Blanks

Male sex glands are the testes.
Female sex glands are the ovaries.

Male Secondary Sex Characteristics

Facial hair, deeper voice, broader shoulders, muscle growth, and body hair.

Female Sex Characteristics

Breast development, wider hips, body hair, and menstrual cycle changes.

Aging Changes in Males

  1. Lower testosterone levels.

  2. Slower sperm production.

Aging Changes in Females

  1. Menopause occurs.

  2. Less estrogen production.

  3. Vaginal dryness.

Report Observations

  1. Pain

  2. Swelling

  3. Discharge

  4. Bleeding

  5. Sores

  6. Burning

  7. Lumps

  8. Itching

  9. Difficulty urinating

  10. Changes in menstrual cycle

Immune and Lymphatic System

Purpose

Protects the body from disease and infection.

Difference Between Nonspecific and Specific Immunity

  • Nonspecific: General defense against germs.

  • Specific: Targets certain germs.

Vaccine Immunity

Artificial active immunity.

Chickenpox Immunity

Natural active immunity.

What the Lymphatic System Does

Removes extra fluid and helps fight infection.

Aging Changes

  1. Immune response slows.

  2. More infections occur.

  3. Healing takes longer.

  4. Lymph flow decreases.

Report Observations

  1. Fever

  2. Swollen lymph nodes

  3. Signs of infection