organ systems
integumentary system
skin
forms the external body covering
prevents
losing blood
infection
oils and salt from sweat inhibit pathogenic growth (prevents bacteria from growing, but not 100% of the time) and prevent skin from drying out
protects deeper tissue from injury
protective barrier method
helps regulate body temperature
via adipose tissue (fat), which is a good insulator
as body creates heat, fat keeps the heat within the body
release of sweat lowers body temperature
location of cutaneous (sensory [i.e. hot, cold, etc.]) nerve receptors
different pigmentation via melanin
produced by a melanocyte (skin pigmentation cell)
when exposed to UV radiation (sunlight), you get a different pigmentation/darker skin
when your body is exposed to UV light, it synthesizes vitamin D
vitamin D is crucial in the absorption of calcium
vitamin D has a symbiotic relationship with the immune system
if you have a healthy vitamin D level, you are going to be able to fight off certain viruses and cancers
when you drop in vitamin D, immune system worsens
skeletal system
bones, cartilage, joints
protects and supports body organs
ex.)
skull protects brain
vertebrae protects spinal cord
rib cafe protects heart and lungs
provides muscle attachment for movement
site of blood cell formation
the center of certain bones is called marrow, and is where the blood cells are formed
stores minerals
calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, phosphorus
stored for a “rainy day”; a bank for when the body is lacking them and needs it
if you are nutrient-deficient in some things, your bones will also be nutrient-deficient
different disease processes will touch upon these deficiencies that can either cause an overgrowth of bones or weak, brittle bones
muscular system
skeletal muscles
produces movement
skeletal system doesn’t move; instead the muscles that attach onto the bones when they cross the joint and contract cause movement
maintains posture
produces heat
when you move muscles (ie when exercising), you get warm and start to perspire
multiple types of muscles
skeletal muscle: voluntary, move around
ex.) biceps, quads
smooth muscle: involuntary, lines digestive tract
cardiac muscle: in the heart
nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves
fast-acting control system
brain sends electrical impulses out
sensory nerves: receives senses like touch, pain, light, vibration
motor types of nerves: responsible for attaching muscles and different glands
responds to internal and external change
anything chemical inside the body, or environmental outside of the body
activates muscles and glands
endocrine system
pineal gland (brain), pituitary gland (brain), thyroid gland (parathyroid on posterior aspect) (cervical neck region), thymus gland (above heart), adrenal glands (above kidney), pancreas (on top of abdomen), testis (male), ovary (female)
hormones
little concentrated chemicals that have a powerful effect
hormones are produced in one part of the body, and are circulated throughout the bloodstream
secretes regulatory hormones
growth
pituitary gland
growth hormones are produced in the pituitary gland and circulated throughout the body to grow legs and other parts
reproduction
metabolism
imbalance of hormones can result in diseases
cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels, blood
transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
heart acts like a pump (although is cardiac muscle), it’s essential to move the blood around
oxygen
carbon dioxide
nutrients
(removes) wastes
as cells respirate (breathe) they go through a metabolic process that produces waste and gets filtered out through the kidneys
ex.) salt, urea, creatine
lymphatic (immune) system
thoracic duct, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, tonsils (powerful lymphatic gland), spleen (largest lymphatic organ)
returns fluids to blood vessels
it is another circulation system that carries fluid around the blood and dumps it back into the cardiovascular system to keep blood thin
cleanses the blood
involved in immunity
responsible for fighting off bacteria, fungi, and cancers
respiratory system
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, left lung
*not made just up of the lungs
keeps blood supplied with oxygen
removes carbon dioxide
also affects acid-base balance (along with urinary system)
if the body overly tries to use glucose without oxygen, pH begins to drop
digestive system
oral cavity (mouth), esophagus (throat), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
breaks down food
allows for nutrient absorption into blood
eating does not equate nutrient (ie calcium) absorption; a whole network of enzymes work together to break down these minerals and nutrients that the body can utilize
when there is a lack of certain enzymes or a problem with the pH, it results in a lot of disease processes
eliminates (undesirable,) indigestible materials as feces
the end of the digestive system
urinary system
kidney, ureter, urinary bladder (can expand + contract), urethra (eliminates urine out of the body)
eliminates nitrogenous wastes
waste products that have nitrogen in them and become toxic to the body
ex.) urine, urea
maintains acid-base balance
respiratory also affects acid-base balance
makes more acidic or more alkali
depending on what metabolic process is going on, acidosis or alkalosis occurs
can be good or bad, or can result in disease process
regulates water and electrolytes
salt
reproductive system
males: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, vas deferens, testis, scrotum
females: mammary glands (in breasts), uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina
produces offspring
testes produce sperm and male hormone (testosterone)
testes part of both endocrine and reproductive system
testes product testosterone
ovaries produce eggs (ovum) and female hormones (estrogen, progesterone)
work in the development of secondary sex characteristics
unification of sperm and ovum causes fertilization
only organ system that an individual can live without