RESULTS-AND-DISCUSSION-AND-CONCLUSION-AND-RECOMMENDATION

Chapter Overview

• Practical Research 2 encompasses various research methodologies and statistical analysis techniques to derive meaningful insights.

Key Concepts in Statistics

• Measurement in Statistics:

  • Central to understanding statistical analysis. Key terms include:

    • Standard Deviation

    • Variance

    • Measure of Central Tendencies

    • Measurement of Variability

• Central Tendencies: Measures that describe the center of a data set, including:

  • Mean: The average value of a data set.

  • Median: The midpoint of a data set.

  • Mode: The most frequently occurring value in a data set.

Important Statistical Formulas

• Mean (Average):

  • Formula:

  • Mean (𝑴) = ( \frac{ΣX}{n} ) where ( n ) is the number of observations

• Median:

  • Formula for position:

  • Median (𝑴) = ( \frac{𝑛+1}{2} )

• Mode:

  • Represents the most frequently occurring value.

• Range:

  • The difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set, represented as:

  • Range (R) = H - L.

Research Process and Structure

Chapter 3: Results and Discussion

• Importance of Findings:

  • Draw conclusions from research findings.

  • Formulate recommendations.

  • List all references.

  • Present a well-structured written research report.

  • Finalize and present the best design.

  • Maintain a research workbook.

• Results Section:

  • Report factual findings clearly and without bias, using past tense.

  • Considered the most critical part of a research paper.

• Discussion Section:

  • Explore the underlying meaning of research findings.

  • Importance of findings discussed using evidence-based interpretations.

  • Emphasize explaining findings and their implications.

Organizing Data

Tabular Presentations

• Frequency Tables: Collect data systematically in rows and columns, making it easier to interpret.

• Statistical Measurement:

  • Mean, Mode, and Variance consolidating participants' responses or data observations.

• Examples of Frequency Tables:

  • Tabulated data showing participant responses across various categories.

Data Presentation Techniques

Types of Data Presentation:

• Textual Presentation: Describes data with words and numerical measurements.

  • Suitable for limited data quantities.

• Tables:

  • Arranged systematically, with parts including:

    • Table number and title.

    • Caption subhead for columns/rows.

    • Body containing data.

    • Source if data is secondary to warrant credibility.

• Graphical Representations:

  • Includes pie charts, bar charts, histograms, and line graphs, each suitable for different types of data analysis.

• Interpretation:

  • Requires awareness of audience engagement and clear communication of results.

Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendations

• Summary of Results: Highlights key findings answering research questions, raising new questions, and outlining implications.

• Characteristics of a Good Conclusion:

  • Brief, concise, and captures the essence of the study.

  • Directly to the point with minimal citation.

  • Builds toward recommendations.

• Recommendations for Further Research:

  • Offer solutions to identified problems; suggest innovative alternatives for further studies.

  • Provide actionable insights based on the research findings.