RESULTS-AND-DISCUSSION-AND-CONCLUSION-AND-RECOMMENDATION

Chapter Overview

Practical Research 2 encompasses various research methodologies and statistical analysis techniques to derive meaningful insights.

Measurement in Statistics:
- Central to understanding statistical analysis. Key terms include:
  - Standard Deviation
  - Variance
  - Measure of Central Tendencies
  - Measurement of Variability
Central Tendencies: Measures that describe the center of a data set, including:
- Mean: The average value of a data set.
- Median: The midpoint of a data set.
- Mode: The most frequently occurring value in a data set.

Mean (Average):
- Formula:
- Mean (𝑴) = ( \frac{ΣX}{n} ) where ( n ) is the number of observations
Median:
- Formula for position:
- Median (𝑴) = ( \frac{𝑛+1}{2} )
Mode:
- Represents the most frequently occurring value.
Range:
- The difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set, represented as:
- Range (R) = H - L.

Importance of Findings:
- Draw conclusions from research findings.
- Formulate recommendations.
- List all references.
- Present a well-structured written research report.
- Finalize and present the best design.
- Maintain a research workbook.
Results Section:
- Report factual findings clearly and without bias, using past tense.
- Considered the most critical part of a research paper.
Discussion Section:
- Explore the underlying meaning of research findings.
- Importance of findings discussed using evidence-based interpretations.
- Emphasize explaining findings and their implications.

Frequency Tables: Collect data systematically in rows and columns, making it easier to interpret.
Statistical Measurement:
- Mean, Mode, and Variance consolidating participants' responses or data observations.
Examples of Frequency Tables:
- Tabulated data showing participant responses across various categories.

Textual Presentation: Describes data with words and numerical measurements.
- Suitable for limited data quantities.
Tables:
- Arranged systematically, with parts including:
  - Table number and title.
  - Caption subhead for columns/rows.
  - Body containing data.
  - Source if data is secondary to warrant credibility.
Graphical Representations:
- Includes pie charts, bar charts, histograms, and line graphs, each suitable for different types of data analysis.
Interpretation:
- Requires awareness of audience engagement and clear communication of results.

Summary of Results: Highlights key findings answering research questions, raising new questions, and outlining implications.
Characteristics of a Good Conclusion:
- Brief, concise, and captures the essence of the study.
- Directly to the point with minimal citation.
- Builds toward recommendations.
Recommendations for Further Research:
- Offer solutions to identified problems; suggest innovative alternatives for further studies.
- Provide actionable insights based on the research findings.