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Verb Conjugations

Regular Verbs (Present Tense)

• -ar Verbs: Conjugation endings are as follows:

• yo = o

• tú = as

• él/ella/usted = a

• nosotros/as = amos

• vosotros/as = áis

• ellos/ellas/ustedes = an
  Example: Hablar (to speak) → yo hablo.

• -er Verbs: Conjugation endings are as follows:

• yo = o

• tú = es

• él/ella/usted = e

• nosotros/as = emos

• vosotros/as = éis

• ellos/ellas/ustedes = en
  Example: Comer (to eat) → yo como.

• -ir Verbs: Conjugation endings are as follows:

• yo = o

• tú = es

• él/ella/usted = e

• nosotros/as = imos

• vosotros/as = ís

• ellos/ellas/ustedes = en
  Example: Vivir (to live) → yo vivo.

Irregular Verbs (Present Tense)

• Ser: Conjugation is as follows:

• soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son
  Usage: To describe identity, characteristics, and time.

• Estar: Conjugation is as follows:

• estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están
  Usage: To describe location, condition, and emotions.

• Ir: Conjugation is as follows:

• voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van
  Usage: To indicate movement or future actions.

• Tener: Conjugation is as follows:

• tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen
  Usage: To express possession or age.

• Hacer: Conjugation is as follows:

• hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen
  Usage: To indicate actions or to make something.

• Decir: Conjugation is as follows:

• digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen
  Usage: To express speech or communication.

Preterite Tense (Past Tense)

• -ar Verbs: Conjugation endings are as follows:

• yo = é

• tú = aste

• él/ella/usted = ó

• nosotros/as = amos

• vosotros/as = asteis

• ellos/ellas/ustedes = aron
  Example: Hablar → yo hablé.

• -er/-ir Verbs: Conjugation endings are as follows:

• yo = í

• tú = iste

• él/ella/usted = ió

• nosotros/as = imos

• vosotros/as = isteis

• ellos/ellas/ustedes = ieron
  Example: Comer → yo comí, Vivir → yo viví.

• Irregular Verbs:

• Estar: estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvisteis, estuvieron

• Ser/Ir: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron
  Usage: These verbs are used to describe completed actions in the past.

Imperfect and Future Tenses

• Imperfect Tense: Used for habitual actions in the past.

• Ir: iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban

• Ser: era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran
  Example: Cuando era niño, iba al parque.

• Future Tense: Conjugation endings are as follows:

• yo = é

• tú = ás

• él/ella/usted = á

• nosotros/as = emos

• vosotros/as = éis

• ellos/ellas/ustedes = án
  Note: Future tense is formed by adding these endings to the infinitive form of the verb.
  Example: Hablar → yo hablaré.

• Conditional Tense: Conjugation endings are as follows:

• yo = ía

• tú = ías

• él/ella/usted = ía

• nosotros/as = íamos

• vosotros/as = íais

• ellos/ellas/ustedes = ían
  Note: Conditional tense is formed by adding these endings to the infinitive form of the verb.
  Example: Hablar → yo hablaría.

Vocabulary Sections

Uses of 'Ser' and 'Estar'

• Uses of 'Ser':

• Job/Occupation: Soy médico (I am a doctor).

• Characteristics: Ella es alta (She is tall).

• Time: Son las tres (It is three o'clock).

• Origin: Soy de España (I am from Spain).

• Relationship: Ellos son mis amigos (They are my friends).

• Uses of 'Estar':

• Position: El libro está en la mesa (The book is on the table).

• Location: Estoy en casa (I am at home).

• Action: Estoy comiendo (I am eating).

• Condition: La puerta está cerrada (The door is closed).

• Emotion: Estoy feliz (I am happy).

Days, Seasons, and Common Characteristics

• Days of the Week:

• lunes (Monday), martes (Tuesday), miércoles (Wednesday), jueves (Thursday), viernes (Friday), sábado (Saturday), domingo (Sunday).

• Seasons:

• primavera (spring), verano (summer), otoño (autumn), invierno (winter).

• Common Characteristics:

• alto (tall), bajo (short), inteligente (intelligent), simpático (nice), tímido (shy), serio (serious), alegre (cheerful), aburrido (bored).

Occupations and Time Expressions

• Occupations:

• Abogado (lawyer), Ingeniero (engineer), Bombero (firefighter), Maestro (teacher), Periodista (journalist).

• Time Expressions:

• Son las… (It is…), En la mañana (In the morning), Al mediodía (At noon), En la tarde (In the afternoon), En la noche (At night), En la madrugada (At dawn), El fin de semana (The weekend).

Prepositions of Place and Common Places

• Prepositions of Place:

• a la izquierda (to the left), a la derecha (to the right), al lado de (beside), debajo de (under), encima de (on top of), dentro de (inside).

• Common Places:

• la biblioteca (library), la casa (house), el centro comercial (mall), el cine (movie theater), la escuela (school), la estación de policía (police station), el gimnasio (gym), las montañas (mountains), la playa (beach).

Reflexive Pronouns and Special Verbs

Reflexive Pronouns and Common Reflexive Verbs

• Reflexive Pronouns:

• me (my), te (your - informal), se (his/her/their), nos (ours), os (yours - informal), se (his/hers/theirs).

• Common Reflexive Verbs:

• despertarse (to wake up), levantarse (to get up), lavarse las manos (to wash hands), lavarse los dientes (to brush teeth), afeitarse (to shave), secarse (to dry oneself), peinarse (to comb hair), cepillarse el pelo (to brush hair), maquillarse (to put on makeup), vestirse (to get dressed), almorzarse (to have lunch), acostarse (to go to bed), dormirse (to fall asleep).

Special Verbs and Expressions with 'Tener'

• Special Verbs:

• Saber: to know information or facts.

• Conocer: to know people or places.
  Example: Conozco a María (I know María).

• Expressions with 'Tener':

• tener frío (to be cold), tener hambre (to be hungry), tener sed (to be thirsty), tener sueño (to be sleepy), tener suerte (to be lucky), tener temperatura (to have a fever), tener éxito (to be successful), tener miedo (to be afraid), tener paciencia (to be patient), tener razón (to be right), tener años (to be ___ years old).