Bio101 Review Sheet

Bio101 Review Sheet – Lab Exam 1

Lab 1: The Scientific Method and Experimental Design

  • Steps of the Scientific Method:

    • Be able to state the steps in order:

    1. Observation

    2. Question

    3. Hypothesis

    4. Experiment

    5. Data Collection

    6. Conclusion

    7. Communication

    • Descriptions of Each Step:

    • Observation: Gathering information and noticing phenomena.

    • Question: Formulating a question based on observations.

    • Hypothesis: A proposed explanation made on limited evidence. It must be testable and clearly defined.

    • Experiment: Conducting tests to validate or invalidate the hypothesis.

    • Data Collection: Gathering quantitative or qualitative data from experiments.

    • Conclusion: Interpreting the data to accept or reject the hypothesis, indicating whether it was supported.

    • Communication: Sharing results with the scientific community.

  • Hypothesis:

    • A hypothesis may either be accepted (supported) or rejected.

    • It must be clearly defined, measurable, and falsifiable.

    • Recognize good hypotheses based on these criteria.

  • Variables in Experiments:

    • Understand the distinction:

    • Independent Variable: The variable that is manipulated.

    • Dependent Variable: The variable that is measured or observed in response to changes.

    • Axes on Graph:

    • Independent Variable is plotted on the X-axis.

    • Dependent Variable is plotted on the Y-axis.

Lab 2: Laboratory Tools

  • Types of Measurements in Metric System:

    • Be familiar with four basic types:

    • Length: Meter (m)

    • Mass: Gram (g)

    • Volume: Liter (L)

    • Temperature: Celsius (°C)

  • Metric System Prefixes:

    • Understand the prefixes and their corresponding multiples:

    • Centi- (0.01 or 1/100)

    • Kilo- (1000)

    • Others include milli- (0.001) and deci- (0.1).

    • Examples:

    • 1 gram = 1000 milligrams.

  • Conversions:

    • Be able to perform conversions among base and prefixed units.

    • Example: Convert 1 meter to centimeters (1 m = 100 cm).

    • Convert 1 meter to kilometers (1 m = 0.001 km).

    • Larger to Smaller: 1 cm = 10 mm.

  • Key Temperatures:

    • Boiling Point of Water: 100^ ext{°C}

    • Freezing Point of Water: 0^ ext{°C}

    • Room Temperature: Approximately 20-22^ ext{°C}

    • Human Body Temperature: 37^ ext{°C}

  • Types of Laboratory Glassware:

    • Understand types used to measure volume:

    • Beaker: qualitative measurement.

    • Graduated Cylinder: quantitative measurement.

    • Pipette: for precise volume measurement.

    • Determine accuracy comparison between glassware.

  • Microscope Objectives:

    • Know the three common objectives:

    • Scanning (4x), Low Power (10x), High Power (40x).

    • Identify objective by its magnification.

  • Total Magnification Calculation:

    • Total Magnification = Eyepiece Magnification x Objective Magnification.

  • Focusing Differences:

    • Coarse Focus: For initial focusing.

    • Fine Focus: For delicate focusing.

    • High Power: Coarse focus must never be used at this magnification.

Lab 3: Characteristics and Classification of Living Organisms

  • Properties of Life:

    • Characteristics that define living organisms, including growth, reproduction, and response to the environment.

  • Levels of Organization of Life:

    • Know the levels in order:

    1. Atom

    2. Molecule

    3. Cell

    4. Tissue

    5. Organ

    6. Organ System

    7. Organism

    • Ability to detect incorrect sequences or missing levels in given hierarchies.

  • Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:

    • Understand the defining characteristics:

    • Prokaryotic: Lack a nucleus, generally unicellular (e.g., bacteria).

    • Eukaryotic: Contain a nucleus, can be unicellular or multicellular (e.g., plants, animals, fungi).

    • Example: Identify Euglena as eukaryotic.

  • Cellular Organization:

    • Determine if organisms are unicellular or multicellular, based on examples provided in lab.

  • Taxonomic Ranks Order:

    • Learn the order: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Lab 4: Biomolecules

  • Types of Carbohydrates:

    • Recognize forms: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides.

  • Polymer Formation:

    • Dehydration Synthesis: Process of joining two molecules or compounds together with the removal of water.

    • Hydrolysis: A reaction involving the breaking down of a polymer into monomers by addition of water.

  • Proteins as Polymers:

    • Understand that proteins are composed of amino acid monomers.

    • Enzymes are a type of protein that act as catalysts to speed up reactions.

  • Reagents for Tests:

    • Test for Simple Sugars: Benedict’s reagent.

    • Positive reaction indicated by a range of colors, with intensity reflecting sugar quantity.

    • Test for Starch: Iodine reagent.

    • Positive result indicated by a blue-black color.

    • Test for Proteins: Biuret reagent.

    • Positive result indicated by a violet color to pink color depending on protein quantity.

  • Nutritional Labels:

    • Ability to read and interpret nutritional labels for carbohydrates, proteins, and fats by type and amount.

Lab 5: The Structure and Function of Cells

  • Cell Type Recognition:

    • Identify if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic based on the presence of organelles.

    • Differentiate eukaryotic cells as plant or animal based on organelle presence.

  • Organelle Functions:

    • Recognize the functions of key organelles:

    • Nucleus: Control center, contains DNA.

    • Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.

    • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Lipid synthesis, detoxification.

    • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Protein synthesis and processing.

    • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.

    • Lysosomes: Digestion and waste removal.

    • Mitochondria: Energy production via ATP.

    • Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis in plant cells.

    • Cell Membrane: Barrier, controls what enters and leaves the cell.

  • Cell Size:

    • Distinguish the size difference between prokaryotic cells (usually smaller) and eukaryotic cells (generally larger).

  • Shapes of Prokaryotic Cells:

    • Identify three shapes:

    • Cocci (spherical), Bacilli (rod-shaped), Spirilla (spiral).

Lab 6: Eukaryotic Cell Diversity

  • Fundamental Differences:

    • Understand distinctions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

    • Know differences among the four eukaryotic kingdoms (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists):

    • Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms: Identification based on descriptions provided in the kingdom introductions.

    • Autotrophic vs. Heterotrophic: Identification based on the nutritional modes of each kingdom.

  • Dichotomous Key Use:

    • Ability to utilize a dichotomous key to identify an example organism.

  • Examples of Eukaryotic Organisms:

    • Recognize five examples of Protists and three examples of Fungi by name.

  • Plant Tissue Types:

    • Understand differences among the four tissue types in plants (e.g., parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and xylem/phloem).

  • Cell Type Differences:

    • Distinction between erythrocytes (red blood cells) and lymphocytes (white blood cells) in the context of the kingdom they belong to (Animalia).

  • Summarization of Eukaryotic Kingdoms:

    • Ability to summarize the characteristics of each eukaryotic kingdom as provided in course materials.